Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download EOC review - TeacherWeb
Document related concepts
Transcript
The Union in Peril – Chapter 4 Differences between North and South - - - - North – industrial, RR, immigrants, South- Agriculture, conservative, dependent on slave labor As the country expands west the issue of slavery overtakes politics. The question is how would these new states be admitted to the union. Compromise of 1850 – California admitted as a free state, stronger more effective Fugitive Slave Law, issue of slavery in the New Mexico and Utah territories would be decided by popular sovereignty Underground RR – network to get slaves from South to north, ultimate goal to reach Canada, Harriet Tubman most famous conductor Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe (1852) – inflames the north against slavery; infuriates the south saying it is unfair Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) repealed the Compromise Line of 1820 and opened Kansas to popular sovereignty Republican Party was formed to stop the spread of slavery into the territories Free Soilers and John Brown helps Kansas Bleed Lecompton Constitution the pro-slavery constitution that was accepted, but led to guerrilla warfare The 1856 Election—James Buchanan wins, but Republican party strengthens Dred Scott Case—Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger Taney states that Congress can’t exclude slavery from any territory, slaves are not citizens, living in a free territory does not make them citizens; South thrilled with the decision Lincoln-Douglas Debates - - Lincoln challenges Douglas to reconcile popular sovereignty w/ Dred Scott decision F. Additional Sources of Tension John Brown’s Raid at Harpers Ferry Va., Rowan Helper’s Impending Crisis in the South The 1860 Election - - Democratic party splits: Northern Whigs= S. Douglas, Southern Whig= J. Breckenridge, Constitutional Union= J. Bell Republican Party nominates A. Lincoln. Lincoln wins election; receives sectional support SC seceded 12/20/1860 7 states organized into the CSA w/ J. Davis as the president by March of - 1861 and draft a Constitution in Montgomery, Alabama. Lincoln called for troops, 4 other states joined the Confederacy. April 12, 1861 @ 4:30am Beauregard’s men fire on Fort Sumter – the War starts, Major Anderson forced to surrender the fort and leave SC The Strengths - - USA advantages: wealthier, more industry, larger population, functioning Navy, better transportation Anaconda Plan: Blockade Atlantic, control Mississippi River, capture confederate capital of Richmond Lincoln’s first goal—“Preserving the Union” Confederate advantages: large area made conquest difficult, home front advantage, more qualified military leaders Battles Confederacy fires on union troops at Ft. Sumter (located in S. Carolina) South has early victories First Battle of Bull Run— first bloodshed, shows that war win be long Merrimack & Monitor were the first ironclads USA establishes first income tax - Constitutional Authority?—Lincoln suspends habeas corpus, jails Southern sympathizers (copperheads) - Antietam/Sharpsburg (1862) Bloodiest Day in U.S. History – not a decisive victory a. Lincoln issued Emancipation Proclamation Gettysburg (1863) Bloodiest Battle in the War, 1st Turning Point Vicksburg, 2nd Turning Point, Union gained control of the Mississippi River Sherman March to the Sea, burned Atlanta, etc. “Total War” – break the will of the civilians and the war will be over Lee Surrendered at Appomattox Court House (4/9/1865) Lincoln assassinated (4/14/1865) - Reconstruction Under Lincoln - Establish Freedman’s Bureau (1865) to help newly freed slaves and poor whites adjust to life 10% Plan Pocket Vetoed the Wade-Davis Bill 13th Amendment abolishes slavery throughout the nation Radical Republicans did not like this plan; thought it was too lenient; they wanted to destroy the political power of former slaveholders; wanted African Americans to be given full citizenship and right to vote Under Johnson - - More lenient than Lincoln, add ratification of 13th Amendment Congress refused to admit representatives Congressional Reconstruction Begins after the 1866 mid-term elections Military Reconstruction Act (1867) divides South into 5 military districts run by federal governors 14th Amendment defines citizen & ensures that life, liberty & property can’t be taken w/o due process Tenure of Office Act (1867) president must have Senate approval to dismiss appointed officials Congress wanted to keep Secretary Of War Stanton, Johnson removes Stanton from cabinet position Failure to follow Tenure of Office Act leads to Johnson’s impeachment— found not guilty Under Grant - 15th Amendment – can not be denied the right to vote based on race, color or previous condition of servitude—Republicans dependent on black vote Hiram revels first African American senator Collapse of Reconstruction - Sharecropping – landowners Rise of KKK Florida Florida seceded from the Union 1/10/1861; Florida farmers and ranchers supplied Confederacy with food; during Reconstruction cattle ranchers helped Florida economy to improve; groups such as KKK, White League, Red Shirts and Pale Faces emerge trying to intimidate African Americans and whites that supported them; many of these groups worked openly directing their efforts at political goals, they still used scare tactics During the Civil War, Florida was not ravaged as several other southern states were. Indeed, no decisive battles were fought on Florida soil. While Union forces occupied many coastal towns and forts, the interior of the state remained in Confederate hands. Florida provided an estimated 15,000 troops and significant amounts of supplies including salt, beef, pork, and cotton to the Confederacy, but more than 2,000 Floridians, both African American and white, joined the Union army. Confederate and foreign merchant ships slipped through the Union navy blockade along the coast, bringing in needed supplies from overseas ports. Tallahassee was the only southern capital east of the Mississippi River to avoid capture during the war, spared by southern victories at Olustee (1864) and Natural Bridge (1865). Ultimately, the South was defeated, and federal troops occupied Tallahassee on May 10, 1865. Before the Civil War, Florida had been well on its way to becoming another of the southern cotton states. Afterward, the lives of many residents changed. The ports of Jacksonville and Pensacola again flourished due to the demand for lumber and forest products to rebuild the nation's cities. Those who had been slaves were declared free. Plantation owners tried to regain prewar levels of production by hiring former slaves to raise and pick cotton. However, such programs did not work well, and much of the land came under cultivation by tenant farmers and sharecroppers, both African American and white. Changes on the Western Frontier- Chapter 5 - Native American life on the Great Plains Dependent on the Buffalo for their lives (food, clothing, tools, shelter…) Lived in extended families, young men trained to be hunters and warriors Believed powerful spirits controlled events in the natural world They did not believe individuals could own land Settlers Push West - Culture of white settlers very different from Native Americans Believed land could be owned; said Natives had forfeited their rights to land ownership since they had made no improvements to it Prospect of gold and silver lures white settlers west; as settlers push west so do the RR; this disrupts Native American way of life; buffalo nearly extinct Homestead Act (1862) gives 160 acres of free land if farmed for 5 years Morrill Land Grant Act (1862) free land to states for “agricultural and mechanical” colleges Pacific Railway Act (1862) – built largely by Chinese and Irish Immigrants, the transcontinental railroad was not completed until 1869, met at Promontory Point Battles - Massacre at Sand Creek – Cheyenne believed they were protected by U.S. government had returned to Colorado’s Sand Creek Reserve; over 150 women and children killed - Treaty of Fort Laramie- Sioux forced to sign; they agreed to live on a reservation along the Mississippi River Apache War: capture of Geronimo ended war (1887) Dawes Severalty Act (1887): goals was Americanization; broke up the reservation and game some of the land to individual Native Americans; government sold the remainder of the land to white settlers Battle of Wounded Knee – brought the Indian Wars to an end Helen Hunt Jackson, Century of Dishonor – published in 1881, outlined America’s harsh treatment of the Native Americans Farmers and the Populist Movement - - Grange, founded by Oliver Kelley push for “Grange Laws,” Farmers’ Alliance form— supported inflation, regulation of RR, cooperative farm marketing Populist Party founded in 1892, Omaha Platform advocated public ownership of RR, unlimited coinage of silver as well as gold, 8-hour work day, initiatives & referendum, secret ballots, direct election of senators, graduated income tax William Jennings Bryan gave impassioned speech “Cross of Gold” speech in support of bimetallism; had support of farmers Florida - Cattle industry continues to thrive; Florida’s citrus industry becomes essential to economy; Morrill Land Grant- gave acres of federal land to states; states sell land and proceeds from sale went to build colleges; UF got its start from land grant colleges Content Focus Terms from FDOE These terms are given in addition to those found in the standards, benchmarks, and benchmark clarifications. Additional items may include, but are not limited to, the following: African-American migration, Anaconda Plan, Black Codes, carpetbaggers, Compromise of 1850, Dawes Act, debt peonage, Dred Scott decision, Emancipation Proclamation, Fifteenth Amendment, Fourteenth Amendment, Freeport Doctrine, Gettysburg, Gettysburg Address, Jim Crow laws, Kansas-Nebraska Act, Ku Klux Klan, Ostend Manifesto, Radical Republicans, reservation system, sharecropping, states’ rights, Thirteenth Amendment, Vicksburg, westward expansion. A New Industrial Age Chapter 6 - Causes of Industrialization in U.S. Abundance of natural resources, government support of business, large population to buy products and work Edwin Drake uses oil drill to remove oil from below earths surface Bessemer process-‐ removes impurities from iron; turns iron into steel; steel is stronger, lighter; steel makes technological innovation possible; used to produce machinery, bridges, RR, structure for skyscrapers… Thomas Edison-‐ light bulb, phonograph, movie camera, system for producing and distributing electricity; electricity allowed factories to be located anywhere Age of Railroads -‐1890 over 200,000 miles of RR; dangerous work; workers earned very little; - RR linked the nation, stimulated growth of iron, steel, coal, lumber and glass industries; helped towns and cities grow; linked previously isolated - towns and cities; promoted trade and interdependence; develop use or RR time which sets 24 time zones Scandals plague the RR companies Fights RR w/ Munn v, Illinois – states won right to regulate RR Big Business and Labor Corporate Leaders: John D. Rockefeller (oil), JP Morgan (banking), Andrew Carnegie (steel) – sometimes referred to as robber barons. Often they had a monopoly; Some say they took advantage of the working class New business practices; vertical integration, horizontal integration, trusts, holding company Social Darwinism – applied Darwin’s theory of evolution to the business world; strongest businesses would survive; some business leaders used this to justify their business practices Working conditions very poor; long hours, low wages, dangerous conditions; the abundance of available labor allowed these conditions to occur especially in jobs that did not require a lot of skill Due to poor working conditions we see the rise of labor unions- labor unions always fight workers rights; more $, better conditions, benefits American Federation of Labor: craft unions, Samuel Gompers & Adolph Strasser founded it Several strikes – Great Strike of 1877 – RR; Homestead strike – steel Homestead Strike (1892): iron & steel workers struck Carnegie Steel & was broken up by guards Panic of 1893 Pullman Strike (1894): Cleveland sent in federal troops to break up strikers As unions got stronger employers began to make it more difficult for them to organize, government rules in favor of employers, Sherman Antitrust Act passes – made it easy for employers to stop a strike; all they had to say was that the strike interfered with interstate commerce Haymarket Square Riots (1886): reduced support of labor unions & Knights of Labor Florida- Henry Plant builds RR helping to move Florida’s produce to the North; Henry Flagler begins development of eastern Florida; hotels begin to attract tourists; Chapter 7 Immigrants and Urbanization - - Push and pull factors – push factors – something pushing you out of your territory; examples; poverty, famine, war, lack of opportunity, restrictive government… pull factors – something positive; pulling you to a new territory; examples; freedom of religion, free education, participate in government, abundant jobs… No requirements (passport…) to enter U.S. but did have to pass physical exam upon entry Old Immigrants – immigrants coming to U.S. before 1890 – mainly from - Northwestern Europe; many were farmers New Immigrants – came in after 1890; from Southern and Central Europe; many were unskilled laborers Difficult journey to get to U.S.; most coming from Europe enter through Ellis Island; Asia enter through Angel Island Asian immigrants more difficult time settling in; targets of first immigration laws; Immigrants face challenges once here – getting a job, finding a place to live; often they settled in neighborhoods where people had the same ethnic background; more comfortable – same language, food, religion… Many native born Americans thought of the country as a melting pot (blending together of cultures); many new immigrants did not want to give up their customs As immigration increases anti – immigrant feelings emerge Rise in nativism – increase in anti-Asian sentiment Chinese immigration suspended – Chinese Exclusion Act (1882); Gentleman’s Agreement (1907) limits Japanese immigration Challenges of Urbanization Increase in population leads to urbanization- cities have a difficult time keeping up with the rapid increase in population especially in the northeast Large immigrant population settle in cities; also migration from the country to the city; industrialization had increased efficiency on the farm and not as many farmers needed to produce food Americanization movement – designed to assimilate diverse groups into the dominant culture Cities find it difficult to provide decent housing; see the rise of tenements, also problems with clean drinking water, sewage, crime, fire… Social Gospel Movement: wanted better social & education services in cities (Jane Addams); set up community centers in slums to provided assistance to people that needed it - settlement houses provided aid—Jane Addams’ Hull House in Chicago - New Religious Organizations: Salvation army (1878), Mary Baker Eddy’s First Church of Christian Scientists - Politics in the Gilded Age Political machines offer services to voters and businesses in exchange for political/financial support; they controlled the activities of a political party in a city Political machines structured like a pyramid - City boss Ward boss Precinct worker/captain immigrants - Many immigrants helped to support the political machine; political machines provided needed services to immigrants Precinct captains, ward bosses and the city boss worked together to elect their candidates and guarantee the success of the machine Political machines controlled access to city government jobs, contracts, and business licenses… Political machines often abused their power; most notorious case was Boss Tweed head of Tammany Hall in New York cities Democratic party Florida – Factories bring thousands of Cuban workers to Florida; thousands of immigrants come to Florida (Greeks to Tarpin Springs work in sponge trade; Cubans to Tampa – cigars) Chapter 8 Life at the Turn of the Century Science and Urban Life - Increase in population of cities leads to major changes Lack of space and development of steel leads to skyscrapers and bridges Development of mass transit- allowed cities to develop outward- use of electric streetcars As cities get more crowded they begin to use urban planning – overall plan for the city; use of space in city becomes more efficient Advancements happening so fast; changes in printing allowed printed materials to be made cheaper; more people reading, helps to increase literacy Developments of airplanes and photography; photography increases circulation of newspapers; field of photojournalism Expanding Public Education - 1965 – 1895 – states begin passing laws requiring children to attend school; ages and length of school year varies state to state children began attending school at younger ages; more mothers working; children attend school new industrial age demanded some higher skilled jobs, managerial jobs More attending high school- high schools begin to expand curriculum to meet the needs of the new industrial economy African Americans were mostly excluded from post secondary education; less than 1% attended high school; vast discrimination Immigrants were encouraged to attend schools; hoping to “Americanize” College enrollment also increased; major changes in curriculum- more course language, sciences, psychology - African Americans: Booker T. Washington led Tuskegee Institute emphasizing vocational education; believed racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value W.E.B. Du Bois – first African American to receive doctorate from Harvard; believed Blacks should seek a liberal arts education so that the African American community would have well educated leaders Segregation and Discrimination - - Throughout the South African Americans still faced wide spread discrimination Southern states tried to keep African Americans from exercising their right to vote; southern states passed poll taxes (annual tax to vote) and literacy tests; use of grandfather clauses allowed whites in South to keep their voting rights excluded them from having to pay poll tax or pass literacy test Jim Crow Laws – laws in South that segregated the races 1896 – Supreme Court Case Plessy v. Ferguson- Supreme Court ruled that the separation of the races in public accommodations was legal Discrimination wide spread in the south; violence common; in the north African Americans still faced discrimination; forced into segregated neighborhoods; faced discrimination in the workplace Discrimination also in the west; some Mexicans and African Americans forced in debt peonage (system that bound laborers into slavery in order to work off a debt to employer) The Dawn of Mass Culture - People had more leisure time; amusement parks, bicycling, tennis, rise of spectator sports, baseball Rise in literacy contributed to increase in circulation of newspapers Opening of art galleries, libraries museums in most large cities Shopping centers emerge in cities; creation of large department stores, emergence of national chains (able to buy in bulk and sell cheaper) Companies began to sell products through catalogs Florida – Henry Flagler’s RR extends to Key West; Florida first state to require RR to carry African Americans in separate cars; By the turn of the century, Florida's population and per capita wealth were increasing rapidly; the potential of the "Sunshine State" appeared endless. By the end of World War I, land developers had descended on this virtual gold mine. With more Americans owning automobiles, it became commonplace to vacation in Florida. Many visitors stayed on, and exotic projects sprang up in southern Florida. Some people moved onto land made from drained swamps. Others bought canal-‐ crossed tracts through what had been dry land. The real estate developments quickly attracted buyers, and land in Florida was sold and resold. Profits and prices for many developers reached inflated levels. Chapter 9 The Progressive Era - - - Origins of Progressivism Progressive Movement had 4 goals o Promoting social welfare- ease harsh conditions of industrialization; YMCA opens libraries…; Salvation Army opened soup kitchens o Promoting moral improvement- felt morality was the key to improving lives; wanted immigrants and poor city dwellers to uplift themselves by improving their personal behavior; Big supporters of Prohibition o Creating economic reform – some Americans questioned the American capitalist system; Muckrakers wrote about the corrupt side of business and public life o Fostering efficiency- put faith in experts and scientific principles to make society and the workplace more efficient Women very involved in all aspects of the Progressive Movement Politics LaFollette promotes state progressivism & “Laboratory of Democracy”— initiatives (bill originated by the people), referendum (vote on an initiative) recall (allowed voters to remove public officials from elected position), Seventeenth Amendment (direct election of Senators) These changes gave more power to the people Reformers wanted to protect workers and end child labor; performed unskilled jobs for lower pay; children more prone to accidents Women in Public Life Women entered the workforce in larger numbers, better paying jobs in industry; did receive less pay than men As more women earn income many in poor conditions they begin to band together to demand change Many women that became active in public life had attended women’s colleges NACW and NAWSA – organized Women Suffrage – three part strategy o Convince state legislatures to grant women the right to vote o Pursue court cases to test the 14th Amendment o Push for a national constitutional amendment to grant women the vote - - Teddy Roosevelt Square Deal -1904 Election: Teddy Roosevelt—presidential policy called the “Square Deal” – used to describe the progressive reforms supported by Roosevelt Food Regulations: Pure Foods and Drug Act (1906) & Meat Inspection Act (1906) in response to The Jungle Economy Antitrust Policies: Northern Securities Cases; Standard Oil Case, by 1909 T. Roosevelt brought down 25 monopolies using the Courts and the Sherman Anti-Trust Act Coal Strike: Teddy Roosevelt intervened in United Mine Workers action against anthracite mine owners (1902) Society & Culture Muckrakers: investigative journalism—Lincoln Steffens’ The Shame of the Cities, Ida Tarbell’s The History of Standard Oil, Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle, Jacob Riis’ How the Other Half Lives Roosevelt made conservation a concern during his presidency; set aside land for forest reserve… Progressivism Under Taft William Howard Taft wins election of 1908 Taft cautiously pursued progressive agenda Taft is unable to hold the Republican party together Election of 1912 Woodrow Wilson (Democrat), Teddy Roosevelt (Progressive), William Taft (Republican) Wilson wins the election Wilson’s New Freedom Implementing the “New Freedom”—calls for the reduction of tariffs, reform of bank laws, improvements on anti- trust laws Underwood-Simmons Tariff Act (1913): tariff rates reduced & graduated income tax implemented Federal Reserve Act (1913): Fed serviced banks Sixteenth Amendment (1913) – legalized a federal income tax Clayton Antitrust Act (1914): interpreted the Sherman Antitrust Act Federal Trade Commission Act (1914): prohibited unfair trade w/o defining them Child Labor Act (1916): couldn’t interstate ship goods made by children under 14—declared unconstitutional - Foreign Relations Navy: became 3rd largest in the war & naval college started Pacific: US obtained Pearl Harbor in Hawaii (1886) American Christian Missionaries active all over world Josiah Strong – A Protestant Minister who expanded the idea of Manifest Destiny to support American imperialism in the late 19th century Emergence of Regional Empire Politics - - - Election of 1888: Benjamin Harrison (R) won electoral vote, but Cleveland won popular vote Oklahoma: First OK land rush (1889) “Oklahoma Sooners” Economy Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890): prohibited combinations or conspiracies in restraint of trade McKinley Tariff (1890) Society & Culture Popular Amusements: vaudeville, circus, Wild West Shows, George Eastman’s camera Sports: baseball, boxing, cycling, basketball invented Childrearing: parents less authoritative, golden age of children’s literature Growth of Catholicism & Judaism in USA Frederick Jackson Turner “The Significance of the Frontier in American History” (1893)—closing of the frontier and the end of the “West” D. Foreign Relations 1. Hawaii: American sugar planters overthrow Queen Liliuokalani (1893) Economic Depression Politics Election of 1892: Grover Cleveland (D) defeats Benjamin Harrison (R), Populists win 10% of the vote Election of 1896: William McKinley (R) defeats William Jennings Bryan (D)—Populist Party supported Bryan Economy Temperance: Anti-Saloon League Florida – Pelican Island becomes America’s first wildlife refuge; By the turn of the century, Florida's population and per capita wealth were increasing rapidly; the potential of the "Sunshine State" appeared endless. By the end of World War I, land developers had descended on this virtual gold mine. With more Americans owning automobiles, it became commonplace to vacation in Florida. Many visitors stayed on, and exotic projects sprang up in southern Florida. Some people moved onto land made from drained swamps. Others bought canal-‐crossed tracts through what had been dry land. The real estate developments quickly attracted buyers, and land in Florida was sold and resold. Profits and prices for many developers reached inflated levels. State government began to represent a larger proportion of its citizens. Female citizens won the right to vote in 1920, when the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution became law. In 1937, the requirement that voters pay a "poll tax" was repealed, allowing poor African American and white Floridians to have a greater voice in government. Content Focus - - These terms are given in addition to those found in the standards, benchmarks, and benchmark clarifications. Additional items may include, but are not limited to, the following: agricultural surplus, business monopolies, Cross of Gold, Farmers Alliance, government regulation of food and drugs, Grange, Granger laws, Homestead Act (1862), industrialization, Interstate Commerce Act (1887), populism, urbanization. These terms are given in addition to those found in the standards, benchmarks, and benchmark clarifications. Additional items may include, but are not limited to, the following: AfricanAmerican inventors, American Federation of Labor, Bessemer process, child labor, Chinese Exclusion Act, Everglades, Gentlemen’s Agreement, government regulation, Great Migration, Haymarket Riot (1886), Henry Flagler, Homestead Strike (1892), Ida Tarbell, immigration, innovation, Knights of Labor, labor unions, market economy, muckrakers, National Woman Suffrage Association, planned economy, political machines, Pullman Strike (1894), railroads, settlement houses, Sherman Antitrust Act (1890), Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1894), Social Darwinism, Social Gospel movement, suffrage movement, transportation, urbanization, urban centers. - Chapter 10 America Claims an Empire - Imperialism – policy in which a stronger nation extends their economic, political or military control over weaker territories Reasons for imperialism – o desire for military strength – Alfred T Mahan – urged government to - - - - - build up navy. o thirst for new materials - needed more raw materials due to industrialization, were overproducing and needed markets to sell goods, imperialists viewed foreign trade as solution to overproduction, unemployment o belief in cultural superiority – combined philosophy of Social Darwinism and belief that Anglo Saxons were superior Alaska – purchased from Russia – “Sewards Folly” – believed Alaska had no resources Hawaii – invested in sugar, had naval base at Pearl Harbor, Sanford Dole overthrows Queen, President Cleveland wants her restored to power, President McKinley comes to office – Congress proclaims Hawaii an American territory Spanish American War o causes: yellow journalism, USS Maine explosion, Cuban revolution, o De Lome Letter criticizing McKinley First battle in the Philippines – Spanish fleet destroyed quickly U.S had support of Filipinos – Filipinos wanted their independence from Spain Rough Riders led by Teddy Roosevelt helped to win the war in the Caribbean (Battle of San Juan Hill) Outcome of Spanish American War – U.S. is victorious; referred to as “A Splendid Little War” by Secretary of State John Hay Treaty of Paris (1900): Spain freed Cuba, USA gains Puerto Rico & Guam, 20 million paid for Philippines Open Door Notes: equal opportunity to trade w/ China Platt Amendment: made Cuba a virtual protectorate of the USA (1901) USA wants to build Panama canal; ask Columbia for permission, Columbia refuses to allow the canal to be build in Panama; U.S. incites a Panamanian rebellion; rebellions successful and a new independent Panama allows the U.S. to build the Panama Canal Philippines: E. Aguinaldo led rebellion against USA (1899-1902) Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine: USA reserved right to intervene with Latin America Japan: Gentleman’s Agreement (1907) limited Japanese immigration Great White Fleet: US naval fleet sent to Asia 1908 Election: William H. Taft (R) defeats William Jennings Bryan (D) Taft continued to fight trusts Dollar Diplomacy 16th Amendment: graduated income tax 1912 Election: TR Split the Republican Party – Wilson (D) defeats TR (progressive) and Taft (R) - Mexican Revolution: Taft stations troops along Mexican border supporting revolutionary government Florida – Port of Tampa essential to Spanish American War; Tampa Bay Hotel serves as headquarters for commanders of the Spanish American War; Tampa primary port for troops; military activity in Tampa helps Tampa grow; Cubans continue to immigrate to Florida – many worker in cigar and citrus industry Content Focus - These terms are given in addition to those found in the standards, benchmarks, and benchmark clarifications. Additional items may include, but are not limited to, the following: big stick, expansionism, imperialism, Open Door policy, Panama Canal, Philippines, Platt Amendment, Roosevelt Corollary, Spanish- American War, Teller Amendment, Treaty of Portsmouth (1905), yellow fever, yellow press. Chapter 11 The First World War - - Election of 1916: Wilson wins and by calling for neutrality w/ WWI Foreign Policy and Road to WWI causes MANIA U.S. Proclamation of Neutrality (1914): closer economic ties to Allies, similar government and customs Submarine Crisis: Lusitania sunk killing American passengers (1915), Use of Germany’s unrestricted submarine warfare infuriates U.S. Sussex Pledge (1916) Germany announces unrestricted sub warfare (1917) Zimmerman telegram (1917): Germany proposed that Mexico join them against the United States Germany commits the “Overt Act,” the US declares war April 6, 1917 American Power Tips the Balance No mans land – Industrial Revolution made WWI more deadly – rifle, machine gun, tank, planes, trench warfare Selective Service Act (May 1917) – required men to register with the government in order to be randomly selected for military service 24 million registered; 2 million men reached Europe before an armistice Use of mass production helped to increase number of ships for navy U.S. navy uses convoy system to counter German u- boats Austria surrenders first; German sailors mutiny; Germany surrenders and sign armistice The War at Home War Industries Board allocates raw materials, controls production & pricing of goods. Food Administration - Rationing: “Wheatless Mondays” & “Meatless Tuesdays” voluntary days War Labor Board - prohibits strikes & encourages higher wages. Committee on Public Information – first propaganda agency headed by George Creel – tried to encourage everyone to participate in the war effort; also caused anti-immigrant hysteria especially toward Germans War finance= income & luxury taxes ↑, bonds sold Public Opinion & Civil Liberties Espionage & Sedition Acts (1917): impose fines or prison sentences for giving false information aiding the enemy or criticizing the government D Social Trends Women: more working, new freedoms lead to suffrage Minorities: many migrate from South, race riots in 26 cities – Great Migration Wilson Fights for Peace - President Wilson 14 Points: open treaties, freedom of seas & trade, arms reduction, fair adjustments to colonial claims, national aspirations, League of Nations. -Armistice (11-11-1918) -Treaty of Versailles: League of Nations formed, Germany signs guiltclause, must pat reparations, new countries formed. Domestic Problems Florida - Many Floridians serve in WWI; Naval Submarine base added in Key West; Pensacola Naval Air station opens in Pensacola; World War I served to stimulate Florida's economic growth further. Not only did the state continue to produce for the nation, but its climate offered excellent year-‐round opportunities for training in all branches of the armed services. Florida's ports hosted naval bases, as well as army, air, and marine facilities. As these facilities grew Florida's production increasingly fed not only the nation but itself. Networks of cities and roads supporting the war effort would later support both continued economic expansion and a following land boom. Content Focus These terms are given in addition to those found in the standards, benchmarks, and benchmark clarifications. Additional items may include, but are not limited to, the following: African Americans in World War I, armistice, Big Four, entangling alliances, Espionage Act, Fourteen Points, Hispanics in World War I, home front, imperialism, League of Nations, Lusitania, militarism, new technology in World War I, propaganda, reparations, Selective Service Act, Sussex Pledge, trench warfare, unrestricted submarine warfare, Treaty of Versailles, war bonds, women in World War I, Zimmermann Telegram. Chapters 12 and 13 Politics of the Roaring Twenties and the Roaring Life of the 1920s Americans Struggle With Postwar Issues After WWI strong beliefs in nativism and isolationism - -Red Scare: arrest & deportation of supposed Communists, Palmer Raid, FBI starts w/ JE Hoover as head Economy Consumer credit expands meeting demand for big ticket items Big business ↑ -Farmer incomes ↓ & costs ↑ labor unrest and strikes ( Coal, Boston Police, and Steel) labor movement begins to lose appeal - American Society -Standard of living ↑ lots of electrical conveniences, to sell new products rise of advertising, people begin buying big ticket items on installment plans -“Flappers” independent & assertive women Double standard – different set of behaviors expected for women More children attending school – schools begin to change curriculum to meet needs of the nation rise in the automobile – liberated rural families, changed the look of the nation (roads, gas stations, shopping…) automobile allowed workers to live farther from jobs (urban sprawl) -Literary: E. Hemingway, F.S. Fitzgerald, E. Pound (Lost Generation) Harlem Renaissance – literary and artistic movement celebrating African American culture Great migration had created large population of African Americans in the northeast NAACP founded in 1909 – urged African Americans to protest racial violence Writers – Claude McKay, Langston Hughes – wrote of the difficulties of life African Americans in the performing arts received a large following Large impact on music – Jazz – Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, Bessie Smith -Marcus Garvey (UNIA) encourages back to Africa Social Conflicts -KKK memberships rises along with Nativism -Emergency Quota Act (1921): limits immigration from each nation w/ maximum of 150K -18th Amendment - prohibition enforced by Volstead Act – Volstead Act poorly funded Organized Crime ↑ w/ speakeasies, mobs, & bootlegging -Scopes Trial= creationism v. evolution – highlighted the role of science and religion in public schools and in society Sacco & Venzetti charged & executed for robbery Government & Politics Harding Administration: cuts taxes, Fordney-Cumberland Tariff imposed ↑ tariffs on farm products Tea Pot Dome Scandal—Sec. Falls sells federal land in WY Harding dies of heart attack—Coolidge takes over Election 1924: “Stay Cool with Coolidge”—C. Coolidge wins Election 1928: H. Hoover wins w/ the solid south Foreign Policy: Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)—renounced war - -Progressivism: 18th Am eliminates alcohol; 19th Am gives ♀ suffrage Election of 1920 Republican Warren G. Harding wins - Chapter 14 The Great Depression & 15 The New Deal - - - - Causes of the Great Depression Farm economy depressed throughout decade – no longer need to feed troops and allies; agriculture and industrial overproduction, too much wealth in the hands of too few, defects in the stock market and banking system Key industries in trouble (mining, lumber, coal…) Consumers have less money to spend; consumers living on credit Many speculated in stock market- buying on margin -The stock market crash (10-29-1929) was the first visible sign – Black Tuesday Affects of the Great Depression Financial: GDP dropped by ~50%; unemployment rose to ~25%, by 1932 22% of banks failed, businesses close at rapid rate Hoover’s Depression o Hawley-Smoot Tariff: raised duties on agriculture & manufacturing prices (makes situation worse). o Public Works: built “Hoover” Dam o Federal Home Loan Bank Act: loans to buildings & loans associations, savings banks, insurance companies o Reconstruction Finance Corporation – authorized 2 billion dollars for emergency financing for banks, life insurance, RR and other large businesses Bonus Expeditionary Force: unemployed vets go to D.C. to lobby for early payments; driven from shanties “Hoovervilles” by federal army Poor fed by soup kitchens and breadlines usually run by charities Conditions for minorities very difficult Dust Bowl emerges (Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, Colorado hit hardest) – had overgrazed and over farmed – land becomes useless During early years of depression no federal system of direct relief – cash payments or food provided by the government Increase in suicide rate Election of 1932 1. Democrats nominated FDR – “Happy Day’s Are Here Again!” 2. Roosevelt received >57% of votes, Democratic President, Democrats controlled House and Senate - FDR and the First New Deal New Deal – phrase taken from a campaign speech focused on his three goals - Relief, Recovery, and Reform Legislation of 1st 100 Days – passed 15 major pieces of legislation- these laws greatly increased the federal governments role in the economy To end the Banking Crisis: runs on banks before inauguration; FDR declared a Banking Holiday and submitted the Emergency Bank Relief Act to Congress: additional funds for banks Agreed to deficit spending – spending more money than the government receives Glass Steagall Act created the FDIC to insure deposits Federal Securities Act – required corporations to provide complete information on all stock offerings and made the liable for misrepresentation Repeal of prohibition w/ 21st Am Federal Emergency Relief Act- $ to poor, distributed by states – Harry Hopkins and “work relief” Civilian Conservation Corps- small payments to families of young men working for government Public Works Administration:-built schools, highways, & hospitals—create construction jobs Agricultural Adjustment Administration and National Industrial Recovery Act (both later declared unconstitutional which prompted FDR to propose his Court Packing Scheme) Federal Farm Loan Act:-consolidates farm credit to make low payments Tennessee Valley Authority - regional public planning, built 20 dams, hydroelectric power Explained his actions on the radio “fireside chats” – means of communicating with the people Eleanor Roosevelt – FDR’s wife; social reformer; advised on domestic issues After the 1st 100 Days Securities & Exchange Commission- supervised stock exchanges Federal Housing Admin- insures long-term, low interest rate mortgages on home construction Second New Deal Works Progress Administration- employed people for 10 hours/week National Youth Program-part time jobs to high school & college students so they’d stay in school Rural Electrification Admin National Labor Relations Act- right to unionize, created National Labor Relations Board Social Security Act – o Old age insurance for over 65 - o Unemployment compensation o Aid to families with dependent children High income taxes on high income Florida - By the turn of the century, Florida's population and per capita wealth were increasing rapidly; the potential of the "Sunshine State" appeared endless. By the end of World War I, land developers had descended on this virtual gold mine. With more Americans owning automobiles, it became commonplace to vacation in Florida. Many visitors stayed on, and exotic projects sprang up in southern Florida. Some people moved onto land made from drained swamps. Others bought canal-crossed tracts through what had been dry land. The real estate developments quickly attracted buyers, and land in Florida was sold and resold. Profits and prices for many developers reached inflated levels. Florida's economic bubble burst in 1926, when money and credit ran out, and banks and investors abruptly stopped trusting the "paper" millionaires. Severe hurricanes swept through the state in the 1926 and 1928, further damaging Florida's economy. By the time the Great Depression began in the rest of the nation in 1929, Floridians had already become accustomed to economic hardship. In 1929 the Mediterranean fruit fly invaded the state, and the citrus industry suffered. A quarantine was established, and troops set up roadblocks and checkpoints to search vehicles for any contraband citrus fruit. Florida's citrus production was cut by about sixty percent. Content Focus : These terms are given in addition to those found in the Standards, benchmarks and benchmark clarifications. Additional items may include but are not limited to, the following: anarchists, Communists, Dawes Plan, demobilization, disarmament, flappers, Fordney-‐McCumber Act, impact of climate and natural disasters, Jazz Age, Prohibition, Red Scare, Roaring Twenties, Sacco and Vanzetti, tariffs, Teapot Dome, Four Power Treaty, Kellogg-‐Briand Pact, League of Nations, Neutrality Acts, Washington Naval Conference, Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom, Booker T. Washington, Eighteenth Amendment, flappers, Fundamentalist Movement, Great Migration, Harlem Renaissance, Ku Klux Klan, Marcus Garvey, nativism, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), Nineteenth Amendment, normalcy, Prohibition, quota system, Rosewood Incident, Sacco and Vanzetti, Seminole Indians, Universal Negro Improvement Association, Volstead Act, W.E.B. Du Bois, Agricultural Adjustment Act, bank holiday, Black Tuesday, Bonus Expeditionary Force, bull market, buying on margin, CCC, Dust Bowl, economic boom, FDIC, Gross National Product, impact of climate and natural disasters, National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act), National Recovery Act, New Deal, Recovery, Reform, Relief, Roaring Twenties, Sit down strike, Smoot-‐ Hawley Tariff, Social Security, speculation boom, Tennessee Valley Authority, Works Progress Administration Chapter 16 World War Looms - Dictators Threaten World Peace Militarists control Japan; Japan invades Manchuria (1931) & China (1937) Ethiopia falls to Italy (1936); Italy led by Mussolini creates fascist regime Stalin begins to transform the Soviet Union- establishment of a communist state; Stalin establishes totalitarian government Hitler and Nazi party rule Germany Civil War breaks out in Spain – Hitler and Mussolini use it as a testing ground for their military aspirations U.S. continue policy of isolationism and pass the Neutrality Acts Neutrality Acts (1937): prohibits loans, arm sales to belligerent nations; cash & carry of nonmilitary goods - - War in Europe Germany enters entered Rhineland, Rome-Berlin Axis formed, Germany unites w/ Austria Hitler wants the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia- tells Britain and France it will be his last territorial demand; Munich Pact(appeasement) is signed – Hitler is give Sudetenland without firing a single shot; British and French leaders claim there will be peace; Hitler violates Munich Pact and takes the rest of Czechoslovakia; policy of appeasement a failure non-aggression pact w/ USSR – pact shocks the world Germany invades Poland (blitzkrieg) 9/1/1939 – Britain and France declare war on Germany France falls quickly to Germany; Germany bombs Britain from air hoping o weaken Britain for ground invasion; British Air Force fights brilliantly aides by radar; Britain never invaded by Germany Holocaust Jews targeted by Nazi Germany 1935 Nuremberg Laws stripped Jews of German citizenship, jobs and property, forced to wear a yellow Star of David Kristallnacht- 11/9/1939 – Night of Broken Glass, Nazi storm troopers destroy Jewish homes, businesses and property; Jews forced to pay for clean up Nazi’s tried to speed up Jewish emigration; Many in the Jewish population try desperately to flee Germany but had a difficult time finding countries to accept them St Louis- Ocean liner that tried to dock in Miami; many Jewish passengers; denied right to dock in U.S.; many end up back in Germany and become victims of the Holocaust Nazi’s target others including gypsies, handicapped, freemasons, Jehovah’s Witness Jews forced into ghettos- life miserable in ghettos; Jews tried to carry on some semblance of normal life – held religious services, schools Concentration camps – families often separated; horrible condition; often worked to death; Mass exterminations America Moves Toward War 9/1939 –Congress passes Cash Carry Policy – allowed warring nations to buy U.S arms Congress increased $ for defense; FDR runs for third term – says his experience was needed; wins 55% of vote Selective Service Act First peace-time draft for men 21-35 Lend-Lease Act – U.S. would lend or lease weapons to nations to any country whose defense was vital to U.S. - Germany has invaded Soviet Union – U.S. now sending supplies to Britain and Soviet Union Churchill and FDR meet at created declaration of war aims – The Atlantic Charter; pledged collective security, self-determination, freedom of seas… Germany continues unrestricted submarine warfare; FDR arms merchant ships; After Germany fires on the Greer – Roosevelt orders navy to “shoot on sight” U.S. puts an embargo on gas, iron, steel on Japan (1940) Japan signed treaty w/ Axis Japanese assets in USA frozen Pearl Harbor attacked 12-7-1941 12-8-1941 FDR asks Congress to declare war. Chapter 17 The United States in World War II Mobilizing for Defense - Selective Service Act – provided 10 million men to military; minorities served in - - large numbers during WWII (African Americans; Japanese Americans, Native Americans…) Creation of WAAC (Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps) – women could do some jobs that would free up men to fight Conversion from peacetime to wartime production; women and minorities take jobs left by men in factories; Office of Scientific Research and Development – penicillin, atomic bomb, pesticides Department of Treasury – issued war bonds War Production Board (1942): regulated raw material usage Office of Price Administration (1942): regulated prices & wages, fought inflation; rationed food Revenue Act (1942): extended income tax to majority of population - War in Europe and North Africa - FDR and Churchill agree defeating Germany is the first priority; then would focus on Japan - Germany tried to attack USSR—Turning Point: Stalingrad – Stalin refuses to retreat; Germany hurt by “general winter” and scorched earth policy Battle of the Atlantic – allies organized convoys; by mid 1943 Battle of Atlantic was in allies favor D-Day (6-61944): Allied Troops invade France Battle of the Bulge – massive loss for Germany; Germany could do little but retreat - - - V-E Day (April 1945) War in the Pacific After Pearl Harbor Americans are driven out of the Philippines, Baton Death March Use of island hopping - attack the less defended island and hop way over to mainland Japan Coral Sea (May 1942): Japan advanced toward Australia Midway (June 1942): USA defeated Japan Navy -Iwo Jima – Massive loss of life; only 200 Japanese survive Okinawa (June 1945): shows Japan will not surrender easily Hiroshima & Nagasaki (1945): atomic bomb dropped; Truman makes the decision; decides to use bomb to prevent more allied casualties Japan surrendered 8-14-1945 Diplomacy Yalta Conference: “Big Three” decided on UN & occupation of Germany Potsdam Conference (July/Aug. 1945): demanded Japan surrender The Home Front U.S. begins policy of internment of Japanese Americans Korematsu v. US (1944): Supreme Court upheld relocation of Japanese-Am to concentration camps for military security Phillip Randolph, Civil Right Leader who opposed the war because of Civil Rights; FDR signs executive order preventing discrimination in the work place WWII good for the economy; workers, corporations and farmers prospered; women enjoyed employment gains; job opportunities had caused population shifts; many move to states with defense industries Families had to adjust during WWII; dad at war, mom at work, kids home alone, increase in juvenile crime GI Bill of Rights- provided $ for education and training, guaranteed low interest loans to buy a home or start a business Florida World War II spurred economic development in Florida. Because of its year-round mild climate, the state became a major training center for soldiers, sailors, and aviators of the United States and its allies. Highway and airport construction accelerated so that, by war's end, Florida had an up-todate transportation network ready for use by residents and the visitors who seemed to arrive in an endless stream. In 1944 the U.S. Supreme Court outlawed a system of all-white primary elections that had limited the right of African Americans to vote. German U-boats sink over 24 cargo ships off Florida coast; Florida increased production of oranges and dehydrated orange juice to ship to soldiers; during WWII military bases were built throughout Florida, these military bases brought economic growth to the state, major cities that experienced growth: Miami, Tampa, Jacksonville, Key West, Pensacola; - Content Focus : These terms are given in addition to those found in the Standards, benchmarks and benchmark clarifications. Additional items may include but are not limited to, the following: Atlantic Charter, Coral Sea, Final Solution, Hiroshima, Nagasaki, Holocaust, home front, Japanese-‐American internment, Lend-‐Lease Act, loyalty review boards, loyalty review programs, Mary McLeod Bethune, Midway, national security, Normandy, Nuremberg Trials, Pearl Harbor, Potsdam, Salerno, Tehran Conference, United Nations, V-‐E Day, V-‐J Day, Yalta Conference - - - Chapter 18 Cold War Conflicts Origins of the Cold War United Nations is created to promote peace – Mary McLeod Bethune is the only black female present at the founding of the UN. She served as representative for the NAACP; Dumbarton Oaks Conference – series of meetings to discuss creation of an international organization that would maintain peace (later known as United Nations) Big Three met at Potsdam – Stalin says he will not allow free elections in Poland Stalin’s refusal to allow free elections in Poland convinced Truman the 2 nations were at odds Soviet Union creates satellite nations U.S follows policy of containment Phrase “iron curtain” used by Churchill comes to stand for the division of Europe Truman Doctrine (1947): US policy prevent the expansion of Communism by aiding democracies around the world, begin with Turkey & Greece Marshall Plan (1947): US’s plan for European economic recovery; $13 billion in aid to European nations; wanted to make communism look less - - - - appealing U.S., Britain and France combine their sections of Germany; west part of Berlin that had been controlled by U.S. , Britain and France surrounded by Soviet occupied Germany; Stalin closed off all roads and RR into West Berlin Berlin Crisis leads to Berlin Airlift – U.S. airlifted necessary supplies to Berlin; made the Soviet Union look terrible; ended May 1949 NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization created April 1949, Soviets respond with the Warsaw Pact The Cold War Heats Up SEATO created in 1954 (an Asian version of NATO, though it dissolved in 1977) Containment in Asia Korea: North Korea invaded South Korea by crossing 38th Parallel (1950), North Korea supported by communist China, South Korea supported by the U.S. North Korea pushes deep into South Korean land; UN authorized USA forces to invade U.S. troops able to push North Korea back close to border with China General MacArthur wants to expand war to China, Truman refuses to allow because there was concern that then the U.S.S.R. would get involved; Truman removes MacArthur from his position armistice signed June 1953 ; war ends with borders remaining at roughly the same at the 38th Parallel Cold War At Home Atomic Energy Commission established (1946) Taft-Hartley Act (1947): Congress restricted union power, outlawed “closed shops” Truman desegregated the military by executive order With the U.S.S.R. ,China and North Korea falling to communism, fear in U.S. about spread of communism Loyalty Review Board (1947) is created to ensure the loyalty of Americans working in government positions; review government employees; root out communist - Creation of House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) – investigated communist influence in movie industry Some investigated by HUAC do not cooperate and are referred to as Hollywood Ten Instances of spy cases in U.S. increase fear of communism in U.S o Alger Hiss – (1950): accused of being a communist spy, convicted of perjury. o Julius and Ethel Rosenberg (1953)- accused of passing information to Soviets regarding the atomic bomb, they were put on trial, convicted and executed - - - - McCarren Act (1950): Communist had to register w/ fed government Joseph McCarthy: senator from WI charged Communists were working in State Department & Army; Second Red Scare peaked with “McCarthyism,” said he had a list with communists; lost credibility, accused members of military of being communist; later censured by Senate Two Nations Live on the Edge Soviet Union and the U.S. race for the creation of the h bomb, U.S. win; Soviets create one less than a year later Eisenhower- policy of brinkmanship – willing to go the edge of an all out war; increased nuclear weapons Eisenhower relied heavily on CIA to gather information abroad CIA – Covert actions in Iran and Guatemala- U.S. wanted governments friendly to U.S. Eisenhower Doctrine (1957): use force against advancing Communists in Middle East Cuba (1961): Castro came to power & moved toward USSR; USA breaks diplomacy Soviets beat U.S. into space with the launch of Sputnik (world’s first artificial satellite); Americans shocked at being beaten; U.S scientists rush to catch up Eisenhower allowed high altitude flights over Soviet Union to gain information; U-2 plane is shot down by Soviets; Eisenhower first denied U2 had been spying; Khrushchev demands apology; U-2 incident increase tension between U.S. and U.S.S. R. Chapter 19 Post War Boom Postwar Boom 1948 Election: Democrats split over Civil Rights, Strom Thurman ran as a “Dixiecrat,”(Southern Democrats opposed to Civil Rights) Democrats nominated Truman, Republicans nominated Dewey; Truman supports Civil Rights; Many believed Dewey would win the presidency; Truman wins election of 1948 GI Bill – Government will pay for veterans to go back to school; low interest loans to buy a house or start a business Many use $ from GI Bill to buy homes in suburbs (Levittown) The American Dream in the Fifties Change in business practices o Conglomerate o Franchise o Change in business practices does increase social conformity – same products everywhere Homogeneity: William Whyte’s The Organization Man (1956) - Eisenhower won 1952 election GNP nearly doubles Baby boom – GI’s return home to wives; lots of babies- result largest generation in the nation’s history; later will have massive impact on Social Security Advances in medicine o Dr. Jonas Salk – polio vaccine o Dr Spock – rights book on raising children Women: books & magazine promote cult of feminine domesticity Church memberships increases Many Americans had more leisure time than before due to labor saving devices 1953 – spent $30 billion on leisure activities (sports, reading TV…) Earl Warren appointed to Supreme Court as Chief Justice Interstate Hwy System (1956) – lots of cars on road; connected the nation, encouraged growth of suburbs, allowed for long distance truck hauling; RR industry hurt by trucks So many new products – advertising becomes big business Consumerism- material goods begin to be equated with success Many can not afford new products and begin buying on credit NASA established 1958 in response to Sputnik; also poured million $$$ into math and science education Popular Culture Mass media – means of communication to reach the masses; radio, TV Rise of TV changes the nation; people demand on TV for entertainment, news…radio and movies must adapt to the new competition Federal Communication Commission – regulates and licenses TV, telephone, telegraph TV portrayed idealized white America; stereotypes Subculture emerges against the conformity of America – called the beat movement; beatniks Rock n roll takes the nation by storm African –American music inspirited the birth of Rock n roll. 1950s African Americans being left out of white America The Other America More middle class Americans buying cars and moving to the suburbs; they take with them their $; cities no longer have the tax revenue and we see the - - - - decline of cities Poverty grows in the inner cities; proposed solution is urban renewal; Minorities living in poverty; this leads to activism Many Mexicans had become U.S. citizens during the 19th century; 1942 – U.S. gov initiated braceros program due to the need for agricultural workers some Mexican workers do enter the country illegally to escape poor conditions in Mexico Native Americans continue to struggle for their rights Many Native Americans had served during WWII 1944 American Congress Of American Indians is formed to ensure that Native Americans had the same civil rights as white Americans and to enable Native Americans on reservations to retain their customs termination policy (1953) – eliminated economic support, discontinued reservation system, and distributed tribal lands among individuals; termination policy was a complete failure Florida History Like previous war, many Floridians served in the Korean War; the Everglades undergoes land reclamation; water diverted from the Everglades to communities; 1946 – 1960- population of Florida swells due to new industry and transportation; Civilians, military personal, immigrants and retires move to Florida One of the most significant trends of the postwar era has been steady population growth, resulting from large migrations to the state from within the U.S. and from countries throughout the western hemisphere, notably Cuba and Haiti. Florida is now the fourth most populous state in the nation. The people who make up Florida's diverse population have worked to make the Sunshine State a place where all citizens have equal rights under the law. Since the 1950s, Florida's public education system and public places have undergone great changes. African American citizens, joined by Governor LeRoy Collins and other white supporters, fought to end racial discrimination in schools and other institutions. Since World War II, Florida's economy also has become more diverse. Tourism, cattle, citrus, and phosphate have been joined by a host of new industries that have greatly expanded the numbers of jobs available to residents. Content Focus : These terms are given in addition to those found in the Standards, benchmarks and benchmark clarifications. Additional items may include but are not limited to, the following: Berlin Blockade, Cold War, Dumbarton Oaks Conference, iron curtain, Marshall Plan, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Nuremberg Trials, Potsdam, Truman Doctrine, arms race, Berlin, Korean War, McCarthyism, SEATO, baby boomer, birth rate, GI Bill of Rights, Interstate Highway System, suburbs, women in the workforce Chapter 20 The New Frontier and The Great Society Kennedy and the Cold War - - Election of 1960 o Kennedy vs. Nixon o Kennedy criticized for being too young; inexperienced and Catholic o First televised debates; Kennedy’s appearance aid him in winning the election o Kennedy’s support of MLK in prison help him to gain support from African American community o Kennedy wins election; closest election in history; did not gain clear mandate of support from voters; Kennedy wanted to redefine nations nuclear policy Flexible response o Increased defense spending; boosted conventional military forces - - - - o Triple overall nuclear capabilities o Created the special forces Fidel Castro in power in Cuba; U.S wants Castro removed from office; CIA creates plan to overthrow Cuba – Ba of Pigs; plans go wrong; U.S. looks incompetent; Castro now closer to Soviet Union Cuban Missile Crisis – Soviet Union placing nuclear weapons in Cuba; crisis lasts 13 days; U.S. places naval quarantine around Cuba to prevent any further nuclear materials from entering Cuba; we warn that an attack from Cuba would bring all out war on Soviet Union Crisis is averted; Soviet Union agrees to remove missiles from Cuba; U.S. agrees to not invade Cuba and remove our missiles from Turkey Kennedy criticized for practicing brinkmanship; Cuban population blames Kennedy for “losing Cuba”; many Cuban- Americans become Republicans Tensions continue to increase between the Soviet Union and the United States Soviet Union builds the Berlin Wall to stop East Germans from fleeing into West Berlin Hot line and Limited Test Ban treaty attempt to ease tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States The New Frontier Kennedy’s plan for progress called the New Frontier; had difficult time tuning ideas into reality; lacked votes in Congress and lacked a clear mandate of support; faced a conservative coalition in Congress; did not want to upset Southern Democrats with Civil Rights legislation; Economy hurting; unemployment high Encourage to use deficit spending by his advisors to stimulate the economy; defense department received almost 20% increase in budget Kennedy raised minimum wage, extended unemployment insurance, provided assistance to cities with high unemployment Created Peace Corps to assist developing nations; volunteers served as teachers, health aids, agricultural advisors… Alliance for Progress – economic and technical assistance in Latin American countries; Alliance for Progress (proposed by JFK in 1961) provides aid for Latin America to counter the “communist threat” and strengthen relations between Latin America and the U.S. - U.S worked to establish ties with developing nations; wanted to make communism less appealing Soviet Union first nation to put a man in space; Kennedy views this as a challenge and vows to put a man on the moon Space program huge success; Cape Canaveral Florida experiences rapid growth Towards end of term; Kennedy begins to take a stronger stance on Civil Rights; Democrats had increased their majority in Congress; Kennedy no longer had to worry about losing votes of Southern Democrats Provided federal protection for Freedom Riders Kennedy authorized investigation of racial injustices in South Kennedy present Congress with a sweeping Civil Right Bill 11/22/1963- Kennedy is assassinated in Dallas Texas; Lee Harvey Oswald - - - arrested; Oswald killed before trial Warren Commission investigates assassination and concluded Lee Harvey Oswald was sole killer The Great Society Lyndon Baines Johnson becomes president after JFK is assassinated LBJ has tons of experiences; uses sympathetic mood of nation to get Kennedy’s agenda passed 2/1964 – Congress passes tax reduction to spur the economy; Johnson (Great Society) Election of 1964- Johnson v Goldwater; Johnson wins by a landslide; Democratic president and Democratic Congress; will be easy for Johnson to pass his agenda; has clear mandate of support Civil Rights Act (1964): outlawed racial discrimination by employers & unions; Equal Employment Opportunity Commission formed Economic Opportunity Act (1964): established Job Corps, VISTA (volunteers in service to America) Voting Rights Act (1965): fed involvement in voter registration Medicare (1965): medical care for retired persons; Medicaid – health insurance for welfare recipients Immigration Act of 1965- opened the door for many non-European immigrants Housing & Urban Development Act (1965) & Department of Housing & Urban Affairs (1966) aka HUD 1 billion dollars to education Warren Court decisions – very liberal court; o Baker v Carr – “one person one vote” o Escobedo v Illinois – accused has right to have a lawyer present during questioning o Mapp v Ohio- evidence seized illegally could not be used in state court o Gideon v. Wainright – must provide free legal council to those that can not afford it o Miranda v Arizona – must be read your rights before questioning Great Society and Warren Court – extended the power and reach of the federal government; some say this is good, others say this is bad Florida History When Fidel Castro took over Cuba in 1959, many Cubans flee the island and come to Florida; 1961 – first U.S. manned space flight takes off from Cape Canaveral; 1969 Apollo 11 space mission first to land men on the moon; due to Cold War U.S. builds up military in Florida Content Focus : These terms are given in addition to those found in the Standards, benchmarks and benchmark clarifications. Additional items may include but are not limited to, the following: Berlin Blockade, Cold War, arms race, Cuban Missile Crisis, Great Society, superpower Chapter 21 Civil Rights Taking on Segregation - Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) – Supreme Court says “separate but equal” laws do not violate the 14th Amendment States especially in the south use this to pass Jim Crow Laws; aimed at separating the races; Events of WWII helped set the stage for Civil Rights Movement; Many African Americans moved out of the south; many took new job opportunities open to them; higher paying jobs; 1 million African Americans served in WWII; during WWII civil rights organizations campaigned for African American voting rights - - - and challenged Jim Crow laws NAACP – focused on inequality of separate schools - Brown v. Board of Education (1954): separate facilities unequal More than 500 schools desegregated 1955 Brown II – Supreme Court says desperate faster Montgomery bus boycott led by MLK, Jr (1955-56) Little Rock, AR (1957): governor of Arkansas refuses to allow desegregation of Central High School; President Eisenhower sends in National Guard desegregates Central HS 12/1/1955 – Rosa Parks refuses to give up set on public bus; MLK goes to Montgomery in support of a bus boycott; boycott lasts 381 days; community organizes to find other means of transportation (bike, car pool…) Economic pressure from boycott pressures changes 1956 – Supreme Court outlaws bus segregation Sit-ins start in Greensboro, N.C. at Woolworths and spread nation wide. SCLC – purpose to carry on nonviolent crusades against “second class citizenship” SNCC – student group active in movement The Triumphs of a Crusade Freedom Rides – volunteers ride through the south testing Supreme Court decisions banning segregated seating on interstate busing; wanted to force the Kennedy administration to act on the law; Kennedy does send in federal marshals to protect the freedom riders Kennedy orders federal marshal to desegregated the University of Mississippi MLK goes to Birmingham to help desegregate the city; Birmingham known as the most racist city in the nation; MLK arrested; demonstrations continue in Birmingham; Protests; boycotts and negative media coverage force the city to change their segregation laws Freedom Summer – college students travel to Mississippi to help register African American voters Selma Campaign – aimed at registering voters Voting Rights Act of 1965 – act eliminated literacy tests that had disqualified many voters Challenges and Changes in the Movement Segregation continues – o De facto segregation – segregation that exists by practice and custom o De jure segregation – segregation that exists by law Racial Riots – Watts, LA (1965), NYC & Chicago (1966), Newark & Detroit (1967) Black Power: Stokely Carmichael calls for black control of Civil Rights - Malcolm X – message appealed to growing racial pride; advocated self defense; given lots of attention by media; excellent speaker; gains large following; unhappy with slow pace of Civil Rights Movement Black Panthers- fight police brutality 4/3/1968 – MLK Jr. assassinated; worst urban riots in the nations history Civil Rights Act of 1968 – ended discrimination in housing Some promote Affirmative Action – making special efforts to hire or enroll minorities Affirmative Action criticized in late 1970’s saying it is reverse discrimination Florida History Tallahassee bus boycott leads to desegregation; sit in protests spread across the South to Jacksonville; Seminole tribe of Florida adopts constitution; Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. visits St Augustine in 1964 to speak at rallies Content Focus : These terms are given in addition to those found in the Standards, benchmarks and benchmark clarifications. Additional items may include but are not limited to, the following: Black Panthers, Civil Rights Act of 1964, Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), Freedom Riders, March on Washington, Nation of Islam, National Urban League, sit in, Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), Brown v. Board of Education, Gray Panthers, Chapter 22 The Vietnam War Years - - Moving Toward Conflict 1800s – WWII – France ruled most of Indochina; French colonists took rice and rubber for their own profit; unrest among Vietnamese peasants; French rulers restrict freedoms 1940 Japanese take over control of Vietnam Ho Chi Minh organizes Vietminh whose goal was to win Vietnam’s independence from foreign rule 8/1945 – Japanese leave Vietnam; Ho Chi Minh declares Vietnam independent France returns to Vietnam to reestablish control; President Truman sends economic aid to France; Eisenhower continues policy 1954 – Eisenhower explains domino theory – if one falls to communism others will follow French can not retake Vietnam; May 1954 French surrender Vietnam divided – north communists; south anticommunist nationalist Geneva Accords (1954)- temporarily divided Vietnam; called for elections to unify the nation in 1956 Ho Chi Minh popular leader in north; Ngo Dinh Diem unpopular leader in south; he oppressed Buddhist monks, corruption, no land reform Diem believes he will lose election to unify the nation so he cancel elections; U.S. supports his decision Buddhist monks protest their treatment by setting themselves on fire South Vietnam grows more unstable - Gulf of Tonkin (Aug 1964): North Vietnam attack USS Maddox, U.S. says - - - there is a second attack but poor visibility; Johnson asked Congress for the Tonkin Resolutions authorizing the use of military force in North Vietnam Tonkin Gulf Resolution gave the president broad military powers in Vietnam U.S Involvement and Escalation 3/1965 – Johnson increases number of soldiers in Vietnam Vietcong elusive; difficult to distinguish who the enemy is; Vietcong has home field advantage, guerilla warfare, ambush tactics, network of tunnels, used booby traps and land mines Fought in horrible conditions Battle for hearts and minds – tried to win support of South Vietnamese; difficult to do due to our use of; napalm, agent orange, search and destroy missions Frustrations of guerrilla warfare, terrible conditions and lack of progress cause moral to sink; most soldiers believed in causes – stop spread of communism Cost of Vietnam very high; Johnson can not fund war and Great Society programs; Great Society programs begin to lose funding Vietnam war shown on TV; nations living room war; constant combat footage Credibility Gap emerges- difference between what the Johnson administration reported versus what was really happening A Nation Divided Most soldiers called into combat from draft Men between the ages of 18 – 26 required to register with Selective Service Act; draft system was “manipulatable” (medical exemptions, college, move to lenient draft board…) large % of men drafted came from lower economic class African American served in large numbers; MLK and others speak out against the injustice of minorities fighting for a country where they did not have equal rights Opposition to Vietnam grows New Left – wanted sweeping changes in American society Students for a Democratic Society – said corporations and large government institutions had taken over America; wanted greater individual freedom Free Speech Movement – grew out of class between college students an administration Students very outspoken about Vietnam and Civil Rights for all 1967 – anti war movement intensifies; some become more radical 1967 – American increasing divided on war o Doves- want withdrawal o Hawks remained committed to war - - Johnson is not pleasing either with his gradual escalation of war 1968: A Tumultuous Year Tet Offensive (1968): Vietcong wage surprise counterattack, Vietcong suffer massive loses, military loss for Vietcong, psychological loss for the United States, turning point in Vietnam! Shifts public support for the war in Vietnam; many now identify themselves as doves; credibility gap widens further Election 1968 o Johnson does not seek Democratic nomination o Robert Kennedy Democratic candidate, assassinated o Nixon (R) narrowly defeats Humphrey (D) – Nixon promised to restore law and order; appealed to many middle class Americans The End of the War and Its Legacy - - - - - Summer of 1969- Nixon announces first U.S. troop withdraw from Vietnam Nixon’s policy Vietnamization – calls for gradual withdraw of U.S. troops and for South Vietnamese to take more active role in the war Nixon “peace with honor” – wanted to keep U.S. dignity in the face of withdraw from war My Lai Massacre – US soldiers under Lt. William Calley killed hundreds of Vietnamese civilians (Vietcong?), pictures hit the media, Calley is courtmartialed and sentenced to life in prison. 4/1970- Nixon announces U.S. troops invaded Cambodia to clear out North Vietnamese and Vietcong supply centers college students protest around the nation Kent State University- massive student protests; burn the ROTC building; mayor calls in national guard; national guard fired live ammunition into crowd of campus protestors Nixon lost public support due to Cambodia policy Pentagon Papers (1971)- revealed the government had drawn up plans for entering the war even as President Johnson promised he would not sent U.S troops in Pentagon Papers confirmed man peoples beliefs that the government had not been honest about their intentions; not damaging to Nixon; very damaging to Johnson Middle of 1972- Nixon up for reelection; nation against the war 3/1973 – last of U.S. troops leave Vietnam 4/1975- South Vietnam surrenders to North Vietnam Veterans return home; do not find same support as WWI and WWII veterans Vietnam War changes many policies o Government abolished the draft o Took steps to decrease power of president - o War Powers Act – president must inform Congress within 48 hours of sending forces into a hostile area without a declaration of war; troops may remain their no longer than 90 days unless approved by Congress o Americans became more cynical about the government and political leaders Florida History Nearly 2,000 Floridians died in Vietnam; Content Focus : These terms are given in addition to those found in the Standards, benchmarks and benchmark clarifications. Additional items may include but are not limited to, the following: domino theory, Cold War, SEATO, Panmunjom, Indochina, hawk, dove, Gulf of Tonkin Incident, Tet Offensive, Vietnamization, Paris Peace Accords Chapter 23 An Era of Social Change - Latinos and Native American Seek Equality - Ethnic Activism Hispanics: Cesar Chavez’s United Hispanic Farm Workers recognized by AFL; boycott grapes; guaranteed higher wages and better benefits Native Americans: American Indian Movement founded (AIM)—Protest @ Wounded Knee Indian Education Act (1972) – Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act (1975) – laws gave tribes greater control over their own affairs Women Fight for Equality 1963 President Kennedy brought the issues of working women to the attention of the nation - - Women organized small groups to discuss concerns Women’s Liberation: Betty Friedan’s Feminine Mystique, helped to found NOW (National Organization Women) Roe V Wade (1973) – women have the right to choose an abortion during the first 3 months of pregnancy Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) – guarantee both men and women would enjoy the same rights and protections under the law; passes by Congress; not ratified by enough states; does not become law Other feminist from the period – Gloria Steinem pushed for the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA); Jane Fonda (best known for her Vietnam Protests) Phyllis Schlafly, author of A Choice, Not An Echo, opposed the Feminist and the ERA Women’s movement changed attitudes about women’s traditional roles, helped to expanded career opportunities, women increased in numbers in all types of positions; managers, doctors, government officials Culture and Counterculture Counterculture – movement made up mostly of white middle class youth that became disillusioned with the war in Vietnam and the injustices in America Influenced by beat movement; felt society was hallow Rise in popular art- characterized by bright, simple commercial looking objects depicting everyday life Counterculture movement enhanced rock n roll Beatles very popular; Woodstock- musical gathering – represented movement of peace and love Hippy movement began to center around the Haight-Ashbury district in San Francisco; lots of drugs Attitude about sex began to change; Major backlash against the counterculture movement; many found this behavior alarming; Conservatives begin to attack the counterculture movement; FBI considered counterculture “revolutionary terrorism”. Said it was a threat to college campus and cities; Conservative movement helps Nixon in his rise to power Florida History 1971 Walt Disney World opens Content Focus : These terms are given in addition to those found in the Standards, benchmarks and benchmark clarifications. Additional items may include but are not limited to, the following: Equal Rights Amendment, women in the workforce, Roe v. Wade, United Farm Workers, American Indian Movement, Wounded Knee Chapter 24 An Age of Limits - - The Nixon Administration Nixon won the 1968 Presidential Election; promised to decrease the size and influence of the federal government; believed social programs of LBJ had given the federal government too much power New Federalism – distributed portion of federal power to state and local governments Wanted to give local and state governments more control over spending of money – (revenue sharing) Nixon increased Social Security, Medicare and Medicaid payments; made food stamps more accessible (these were compromises to the Democrats) Nixon a supporter of Southern Strategy – attract southern conservative Democrats by appealing to their unhappiness with federal desegregation laws; and liberal Supreme Court Nixon did slow integration Nixon faced troubled economy; high unemployment and stagflation; economic problems caused by LBJ - policy to fund Vietnam and Great Society programs; also caused by dependence of foreign oil; during the 1960s OPEC (Organization of petroleum exporting countries) increase price of oil 1973- Yom Kippur War- Egypt/ Syria against Israel; U.S. send aid to Israel; some oil producing nations refuse to sell oil to U.S. Realpolitik- foreign policy based solely on power not morals or ideals; believed in evaluating a nation’s power not beliefs SALT: USSR & USA signed Strategic Arms Limitations Treaty Détente: name given to Nixon & Kissinger’s policy to reduce tensions -Traveled to China & USSR—Nixon first president to do so Watergate; Nixon’s Downfall Break-in: 5 men caught breaking into the Democratic Headquarters. (June 1973) Congress: Senate investigates & House Judiciary Committee began impeachment hearing (1973-74) Bob Woodward & Carl Bernstein @ Washington Post used investigative reporting Spiro Agnew: Vice President resigned, Nixon appointed Gerald Ford to be VP Nixon resigns—Ford became first unelected president After Watergate and Vietnam American public and media are very cynical about the presidency The Ford and Carter Years When Ford takes office economy very bad; high unemployment, inflation, high fuel prices - - Ford does a better job on foreign affairs Helsinki Accords – 35 nations agree to have better cooperation between the nations of Eastern and Western Europe; considered to be Fords greatest presidential accomplishment Nixon Pardoned by Ford, helped cost Fort the 1976 Election Election 1976: Carter defeated Ford – people thought Carter was honest and personable; cynicism of the nation helps Carter get elected Carter difficult time working with Congress; many of his advisors from home state of Georgia Carter believed big problem in U.S. was our dependence on foreign oil; over 100 proposals on energy conservation; very difficult to get any passed; Remember cost increase in oil causes increase in everything else!!! National Energy Act – placed a tax on gas guzzling cars. Removed price controls on oil and natural gas produced in the United States Energy saving ideas did nothing to ease cost of gas; 1980 inflation at an all time high Unemployment remains high due to increase in automation and increase in foreign competition; less manufacturing jobs Energy Department created (1977); energy crisis in America Panama (1978): transfer of ownership of canal to Panamanians in 1999 Carter helped to forge peace agreement between Israel and Egypt Israel (1978): Camp David Accords; signed between Egypt & Israel – first peace agreement signed by Arab nation; Israel agreed to withdraw from Sinai Peninsula; Egypt formally recognized Israel’s right to exist Under Nixon and later Ford policy of détente had continued; Carter focused on importance of human rights; this led to breakdown in relations with Soviet Union; Carter critical of Soviet Unions policies Afghanistan (1979): USSR invades, Carter ships grain to Afghanistan Iran (1979-1980): American backed Shah removed from leadership, armed students take 52 American hostages from US embassy in Tehran for 444 days Environmental Activism 1960s widespread realization about the impact of pollution and overconsumption on the environment Rachel Carson (1962) published book Silent Spring – warned against the growing use of pesticides; book pushed nation to pay more attention to environment 4/22/1970 – First Earth Day Nixon created the Environmental Protection Agency – set and enforced pollution standards; conducted environmental research; still main governmental instrument in dealing with environmental issues Series of acts to protect environment; Clean Air Act, Endangered Species Act - Three Mile Island – 3/28/1979 – nuclear reactor malfunctions Americans became concerned about the dangers of nuclear power; safety standards are strengthened Environment: “superfund” created for clean up Florida History The U.S. space program launches from Cape Canaveral, lunar landings, and the development of the space shuttle program have brought jobs and attention to Florida; 1980 more than 120,000 Cubans flee Cuba Chapter 25 The Conservative Tide - Conservative Movement Emerges Over the years increase in entitlement programs; entitlement programs guarantee benefits to a particular group; many taxpayers resent this New Right emerges; focused on social issues (abortion, ERA, called for return to school prayer) Many in the New Right called affirmative action reverse discrimination; Conservative groups form the conservative coalition – alliance of business leaders, middle class voters, unhappy Democrats and fundamentalist Christian groups Religion played key role in growth of conservative coalition Jerry Falwell and Pat Robertson form Moral Majority – it consisted of mostly evangelical and fundamentalist Christians who interpreted the Bible and believed in absolute standards of right and wrong Ronald Reagan won Republican nomination in 1980 – ran on key issues such as Supreme Court decisions, abortion, school prayer, teaching of - evolution; his acting experience and conservative position help him defeat Jimmy Cartier; Carter also hurt by Iranian Hostage Crisis Conservative Policies Under Reagan and Bush Reagan wanted to downsize the federal government - cuts spending on domestic programs by $39 billion - increased defense spending by $12 billion - Strategic Defense Initiative dubbed “Star Wars” - Country in most severe recession since the Great Depression - Budget deficits grew - “Reaganomics” – belief in supply-side economics – theory that said if people paid fewer taxes they would save more money, banks could loan money to business, business would invest money in recourses to improve productivity; supply of goods would increase and that would drive down prices - Economic Recovery Tax Act (1981): reduced income tax by 25% over 3 years - Reagan able to shift the Supreme Court to the right; appointed 4 conservative judges; ended liberal control of Supreme Court - Reagan appointed Sandra Day O’Connor to the Supreme Court, first female - Reagan able to reduce size and power of federal government by cutting entitlement programs and deregulation (cutting back of federal regulation on industry); deregulated airlines, savings and loan industry; deregulation increased competition and often resulted in lower prices - Election 1984: Reagan and Bush beat Walter Mondale and Geraldine Ferrara (Geraldine Ferrara= 1st female on national ticket) - 1984 economy is strong - 1988 majority of Americans economically comfortable; attribute this to policies of Reagan and Bush - Social Concerns of the 1980s - 1980s AIDS concerning many Americans - many concerned about abortions; argued life begins at conception; 1989 Supreme Court ruled in Webster v. Reproductive Health Care Services – that states had the right to impose new restrictions of abortion - Drug abuse became a social concern; First Lady Nancy Reagan starts the “Just say no!” to drugs campaign - Education another social concern; report came out in 1983 - A Nation at Risk; report said that American students lagged behind most students on other industrialized nations; touched off debate on quality of education - Manu undereducated students lived in urban areas - Poor and minorities often left in cities with high unemployment rates, poor infrastructure; poor sanitation… - - - - Women continue to struggle for equal rights; more women elected to government positions; ERA passed in Congress but not ratified by the states Women focused on pay equity; fought for improvements in the workplace African Americans continue to fight for equality; made major political gains during the 1980s Latinos became the fast growing minority group during the 1980s; many Latinos supported bilingual education Native Americans demand more rights; Reagan has slashed aid to Native American groups Asian American second fastest growing minority group in the U.S. during the 1980s; low crime rate; low school dropout rate; low divorce rate but have higher than the national figure unemployment and poverty rates 1970s and 1980s – homosexuals fight openly for their rights; movement suffered setback during the conservative 1980s; 1990s – today surge of activism; fight for same sax marriage rights Foreign Policy After the Cold War 1985 Mikhail Gorbachev becomes leader of Soviet Union; major problems in Soviet Union when he takes power; many of the problems were about the economy; Soviet Union had hard time; Reagan had increases defense spending and Soviet Union tried to keep up; Soviet economy was pushed to brink of collapse Gorbachev institutes policy of glasnost – allowed open criticism of Soviet government; took steps to allow freedom of the press 1985 – Gorbachev announces plans for perestroika – restructuring of Soviet society; less government control of the economy; introduction of some private enterprise; and steps toward a democratic government Gorbachev realized better relations with the U.S. would allow them to reduce military spending Democratic ideals in Soviet Union had dramatic increase in nationalism 12/1991 – 14 non Russian republics declared their independence from the Soviet Union; Gorbachev resigns; Soviet Union dissolves; the Communist Block in Eastern Europe breaks apart, Berlin Wall was torn down in later 1989/1990 Nicaragua (1981-188) United States provided military aid to Contras; who opposed leftist Sandinistas; cease fire signed 1988 Grenada (1983): United States overthrew Cuban-backed regime; replaces with one friendlier to the U.S. Iran-Contra (1985-86): arms sold to Iranians; Iranians promised to gain release of 7 American hostages held in Lebanon; profits from arms sales diverted to Contras in Nicaragua; Congressional hearings - George H. W. Bush (had been Reagan’s Vice President)—Elected in 1988 - Panama (1989-Jan 1990): 20,00 United States marines invade Panama & overthrew General Manuel Noriega, who allegedly sold drugs to United States; Noriega flown to U.S. put on trial and found guilty; some Latin American countries say it is “American imperialism” - 1980s Iran and Iraq had fought a prolonged war; Iraq had tremendous debt; Sadaam Hussein, leader of Iraq, claimed oil rich nation of Kuwait was really part of Iraq; Iraq military invades Kuwait than heads to Saudi Arabia and its oil fields; international coalition is organized against Iraqi aggression - Persian Gulf War Operation Desert Storm (1990- 2/28/1991) Kuwait liberated Bush not as successful at domestic policies; rising deficit, forced to raise taxes which went against his campaign pledge - Florida History Florida becomes the fourth most populated state; 1994 – Restoration of the Everglades begins; legislation of the restoration of the Everglades continues to this day; Content Focus : These terms are given in addition to those found in the Standards, benchmarks and benchmark clarifications. Additional items may include but are not limited to, the following: inflation, terrorism, globalization, glasnost, apartheid, 9/11, al Qaeda, Camp David Accords, Election of 2000, Iran Hostage Crisis, immigration, North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), jihad, migration, Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), social movements Chapter 26 The United States in Today’s World The 1990s and the New Millennium - Election of 1992 William Jefferson Clinton (Democrat) against George H.W. Bush Bush’s approval rating high after Persian Gulf War; after war nation hurt by recession; Clinton campaigned as being able to lead the nation out of economic crisis; Clinton had a center of the road strategy that won him wide appeal - - - Clinton pushed for Universal Health Car – lead by First Lady Hillary Clinton – Congress debated plan but never votes on it; plan does not pass Clinton and Republican controlled Congress passed bill to balance the federal budget by 2002; bill cut spending by billions; lowered taxes, included programs to help children and improve health care A year later – federal budget had a surplus – first surplus in 30 years Clinton and Congress also agreed on welfare reform; placed limits on how long people could receive benefits 1990 reduced crime but some key event cause concern o 1993- terrorists explode bombs at World Trade Center in NY o Oklahoma City Bombing (1995): Timothy McVeigh an American veteran bombs Murrah Federal Building killing 168; McVeigh found guilty and executed o April 1999 – two students at Columbine High School kill 12 students and a teacher; 23 others wounded; both murderers commit suicide o Calls for stronger gun control - Clinton o Embassy bombings in Africa by terrorists o Haiti (1994): United Nations issued embargo & United States sent troops because democratically elected president was overthrown by military leaders; military leaders forced to step down. Thousand of refugees flee o Clinton saw flourishing trade key to U.S. economy; passes North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA): work to eliminate tariffs between Mexico, USA, Canada o 1991 Yugoslavia broke into 5 nations; Bosnia (1995): Serbian militias begin ethnic cleansing killing certain ethnic groups; stopped by NATO & U.S. troops. o Kosovo (1996): Albanians wanted to separate from rest of Serbia, NATO & U.S. troops intervene 1994- Newt Gingrich – (Republican) – able to turn voters’ dissatisfied with Clinton into support for Republican Party; drafts Contract with America – items the Republican promise to pass if they win control of Congress; items included- term limits, balanced budget, tax cuts, and welfare reform; mid elections 1994 – Republicans give Democrats huge defeat and gain control of House of Representatives and Senate Clinton is reelected in 1996; Republican maintain control of Congress Clinton accused of improperly using $ from land deal to fund his 1984 election for governor of Arkansas; Clinton also lied under oath about an improper relationship with White House intern; 1998 Clinton admitted he - - - had an improper relationship; 12/1998 – House of Representatives approves 2 articles of impeachment; Clinton only the second President to face trial in the Senate; Senate fell short on votes to remove Clinton; Clinton remained in office and apologized for his actions Election 2000: Al Gore won popular vote, George W.Bush won electoral vote, disputed returns in Florida; all eyes on Florida; problems with ballot voting cause Florida to change election ballots George Bush - Tax cuts, rebates, No Child Left Behind education plan, Federal funding to faith-based programs September 11, 2001 o 9/11/2001 – coordinated terrorist attack on the United States; jets explode into World Trade Center, Pentagon Building; passengers overtake hijackers on fourth plan that crashes in a field in Pennsylvania; about 3,000 killed; tremendous rescue effort; George W. Bush rallies the nation o 9/11 altered the way Americans looked at life; creation of Department of Homeland Security; Patriot Act – allows the government broader powers to investigate suspected terrorists o U.S. responds with a vengeance; Osama bin Laden directed the attacks, part of terrorist network al Qaeda; o Conflict in Afghanistan (10/2001-Present): Military attack on alQaeda camps & Osama bin Laden; removed the Taliban from power... o Conflict in Iraq (2003): Military attack to remove Saddam Hussein from power, believed weapons of mass destruction, and establish a democracy in Iraq; Hussein later tried and executed by Iraqi government Election of 2004 – Bush is reelected – second term people begin to question U.S. continued involvement in Afghanistan and Iraq. President Bush criticized for his handling of Hurricane Katrina Election of 2008: Barack Obama, defeated John McCain, becoming the first African American President Pushed through an economic stimulus package to try to combat recession; bailed out auto industry; passed health care package; Osama bin Laden killed during his first term The New Global Economy Growth of jobs in the service sector: 80% of jobs in service sector 1990s corporations began to downsize decline in manufacturing jobs; leads to decline in union membership growth of high tech industries; dotcoms; NASDAQ – technology dominated stock index on Wall Street Bill Gates; Apple…make tons of money; internet changes the way business is done; - - Global economy – American companies compete for international and domestic markets International trade agreements caused some to worry that American jobs would be sent overseas Some U.S. businesses moved their operations to less economically advanced nations; can make their products cheaper 1997 – 2002 global economy slows down; GDP decreases; many countries in a recession Technology and Modern Life Computer industry changes the workplace 1990s growth of the Internet linked computers instant transmission of information; Computers change the way businesses run and sell; massive change in education due to technology; changes in medicine People begin to telecommute Some concerns regarding the access of all types of information and images to children; Space exploration continues; use of space shuttles that focused on scientific research; repair the Hubble telescope; creation of international space station Genetic engineering – artificial changing of the molecular biology of organisms’ cells to alter an organism Medical advances; cancer survivor rates increase; improvements in AIDS medicines, Improved technology makes diagnosis earlier and easier Changing Face of America Urban flight- Americans leaving the city and moving to the suburbs Suburban growth leads to competition between suburbs and cities for businesses and industry American population aging – o Countries birth rate has slowed o Number of senior citizens has increased o New demands on care for the elderly o Demands of Social Security Immigrant population continues to grow; lots of debate on path to citizenship for illegal immigrants Florida History 1992 – Hurricane Andrew devastated Miami, building codes changed as a result of the massive damage caused by Andrew; Florida played a pivotal role in the 2000 election. Bush won the state by less than 500 votes. Hurricane Wilma ravage South Florida in 2005; major industries located in Florida; interstate highway system connects the state; Florida has a massive tourism industry – international airports, theme parks, beaches, cruises and sports teams; Cape Canaveral Content Focus : These terms are given in addition to those found in the Standards, benchmarks and benchmark clarifications. Additional items may include but are not limited to, the following: inflation, terrorism, globalization, glasnost, apartheid, 9/11, al Qaeda, Camp David Accords, Election of 2000, Iran Hostage Crisis, immigration, North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), jihad, migration, Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), social movements - - Key Supreme Court Decisions: Baker v Carr – “one person one vote” – federal courts had the right to tell states to reapportion (redivide) their voting districts for more equal representation Brown v. Board of Education, 1954 (both) – ended school segregation Bush v. Gore, 2001- stopped the recount in FL, Bush won the Election Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 1819 – stopped the New Hampshire from taking over a private college Dred Scott v. Sandford, 1857- overturned the compromise line of 1820, ruled that Congress had no authority to outlaw slavery in the territories, ruled that slaves were property and not citizens Engle v. Vitale, 1962 – first case to even mention “separation of church and state” – outlawed teacher-lead pray in schools .Escobedo v. IL, 1964 – criminal suspects have a right to a lawyer during interrogations Gibbons v. Ogden, 1824 – Congress has the power to regulate interstate navigation Gideon v. Wainwright, 1963 – Right to a lawyer in a criminal trial when tried in a state court Korematsu v. US, 1944 – upheld Executive Order 9066 (Japanese Internment) Mapp v. Ohio, 1961 – exclusionary rule – illegal evidence is impermissible in court Miranda v. AZ, 1966 – one must be informed of their rights before questioning. Munn v. IL – allowed states to regulate business (ie RR) within their border Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896 – established the doctrine of “separate but equal” Regents of CA v. Bakke, 1978 – case of reverse discrimination, race - cannot be the only factor when determining college admission. Roe v. Wade, 1973 – legalized abortion Schenck v. US, 1919 – free speech can be limited during times of war or to protect public safety Swann v. Charlotte Meck. School District, 1969 – forced bussing can be used to desegregate Tinker v. Des Moines School District, 1969 – free speech applies to students so long as it does not disrupt classroom instruction New Jersey v. T.L.O. – schools need only “suspicion” in order to search a student Texas v. Johnson, 1991 – flag burning was upheld under the courts interpretation of the first amendment US v. Nixon – presidents have “executive privilege” but only in matters of national security – Nixon had to turn over the tapes Webster v. Reproductive Health Care Services 1989 –that states had the right to impose new restrictions of abortion
