Download Human Diseases

Chapter 6
Musculoskeletal System Diseases
and Disorders
Copyright
Copyright
© 2010
© 2010
Delmar,
Delmar,
Cengage
Cengage
Learning.
Learning.
ALLALL
RIGHTS
RIGHTS
RESERVED.
RESERVED.
Anatomy and Physiology
• Bones and joints
• Bones provide framework and support
– Classified by shape and composition
• Joints
– Where two or more bones meet
• Muscle structure, movement, and heat
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Types of Bones
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Common Signs and Symptoms
• Bone and joint diseases:
– Pain, swelling, decreased mobility, and deformity
• Muscle disorders:
– Weakness
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Diagnostic Tests
•
•
•
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X-rays
Computed axial tomography (CAT) scans
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRIs)
Blood studies
– Including calcium and phosphorus
• Electromyography
• Muscle tissue biopsy
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Diseases of the Bone
• Mild to severe
• Common as adults age
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Diseases of the Bone
• Spinal deformities:
– Kyphosis
• Curvature of thoracic spine
– Lordosis
• Exaggerated anterior or inward curve of lumbar spine
– Scoliosis
• Lateral curvature of spine
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Spinal Deformities
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Diseases of the Bone
• Osteoporosis
– Metabolic bone disease causing porosity and leading to
decrease in bone mass
• Osteomyelitis
– Inflammation of bone caused by staphylococcal infection
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Diseases of the Joints
• Most occur as slow process
• Arthritis
– Inflammation
• Osteoarthritis
– Degenerative process
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Diseases of the Joints
• Rheumatoid arthritis
– Autoimmune disorder affecting joints and connective tissue
of entire body
• Gout
– Metabolic error in breakdown of certain protein foods
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Diseases of the Joints
• Hallux valgus
– Deformity affecting metatarsophalangeal joint of big toe
– Also known as bunion
• Temporomandibular joint syndrome
– Severe headaches and pain in jaw
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Diseases of Muscle and Connective
Tissue
• Muscular dystrophy (MD)
– Inherited, genetic disorder affecting skeletal muscles
• Ganglion cyst
– Fluid-filled benign tumor on tendon sheath near wrist
• Tetanus
– Also known as lockjaw
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Ganglion Cyst
Photo courtesy Mark L. Kuss
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Neoplasms
• Primary neoplasms of musculoskeletal system
uncommon
– Typically secondary, metastasizing from lungs, breast, and
prostate
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Neoplasms
• Osteosarcoma
– Most common primary tumor of bone
• Rhabdomyosarcoma
– Very rare highly malignant tumor of skeletal muscle
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Trauma
• Main cause of problems in musculoskeletal
system
• Fractures
– Break in bone
– Types:
• Pathologic, open, and closed
• Stress, displace, comminuted, and compression
• Longitudinal, transverse, oblique, spiral, and stellate
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Treatment of Fractures
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Immobilization
Closed reduction
Open reduction
Traction
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Strains and Sprains
• Strain
– Overstretching injury of muscle
– Treatment:
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Rest
Moist heat
Analgesics
Anti-inflammatories
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Strains and Sprains
• Sprain
– Traumatic injury to joint
– Treatment (RICE):
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•
•
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Rest
Ice
Compression
Elevation
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Dislocations and Subluxations
• Dislocation
– Complete separation of bone from normal position
– Causes pain and joint deformity
• Subluxation
– Partial separation of bone from normal position
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Dislocation and Subluxation
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Low Back Pain
• Very common disorder
• May be acute or chronic
• Treatment:
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–
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Moist heat
Analgesics
Anti-inflammatories
Muscle relaxants
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Herniated Nucleus Pulposus
• Herniated disc, ruptured disc, slipped disc, or
bulging disc
• Pressure on spinal nerve may cause pain in
sciatic nerve
• Treatment same as low back pain
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Bursitis
• Inflammation of bursae or small fluid-filled
sac near joints
– Bursae help reduce friction during movement
• Symptoms:
– Severe pain
• Limits motion
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Bursitis
• Treatment:
– Moist heat
– Analgesics
– Anti-inflammatories
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Tendonitis
• Inflammation of tendon or connective tissue
that attaches muscle to bone
• May occur in any tendon
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Tendonitis
• Treatment:
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Ice
Analgesics
Anti-inflammatories
Exercises
Surgery
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
• Repetitive motion injury affecting hands
• Affects individuals working at repetitive tasks
requiring finger and wrist motions
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
• Treatment:
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–
–
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Rest
Splint
Anti-inflammatories
Physical therapy
Surgery
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Plantar Fasciitis
• Also known as calcaneal spur or heel spur
• Treatment:
–
–
–
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Rest
Ice
Analgesics
Anti-inflammatories
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Plantar Fasciitis
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Shoulder and Knee Disorders
• Torn rotator cuff
– Muscles that hold head of humerus in shoulder socket area
• Torn meniscus
– Attached to top of tibia and provides cushion for distal
femur
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Shoulder and Knee Disorders
• Cruciate ligament tears
– Located inside knee joint
– Two ligaments cross to stabilize knee
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Shin Splints
• Overuse injury to periosteum and extensor
muscles of lower leg
• Occur routinely with sudden increase in
activity or new exercise routine
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Shin Splints
• Treatment:
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Rest
Analgesics
Anti-inflammatories
Heat
Ice
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Rare Diseases
• de Quervain’s
– Tendonitis affecting thumb
• Tuberculosis of bone
– Develops in tissue cavities leading to bone weakness and
pain
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Rare Diseases
• Paget’s disease
– Chronic metabolic bone disease affecting bone formation
• Myasthenia gravis
– Autoimmune disorder characterized by muscle weakness
and fatigue
• SLE
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Effects of Aging
• Decreased bone density
• Decreased muscle strength and mass
• Changed vertebral disks and compression of
vertebrae
– Results in changes in height and spine curvature
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Animation
Click Here to Play Twisting Force Animation
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Animation
Click Here to Play Direct Force Animation
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.