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CENTRAL TEXAS COLLEGE
SYLLABUS FOR PHYS 1404
SOLAR SYSTEM
Semester Hours Credit: 4
INSTRUCTOR:
OFFICE HOURS:
I.
INTRODUCTION
A.
Solar System is one of the two introductory Astronomy classes we teach here at
Central Texas College. The other class is what we call Stars and Galaxies.
Astronomy was the first of the sciences, and when colleges and universities were
established in the Middle Ages, it was one of the seven subjects taught to all
students. It has always had important applications, including calendar making,
time keeping, and navigation. Nowadays, astronomy is adding other practical
applications, such as addressing vital questions about climate change on Earth. It
is further expanding our knowledge of the solar system and the universe, where
there are potentially unlimited supplies of energy and materials. Over the coming
decades and centuries, new resources can begin to free mankind forever from
material want.
B.
But the main job of astronomy is simply the advancement of knowledge. As with
our ancestors back beyond recorded time, we can’t help but wonder what kind of
universe this is. What are its fundamental laws? How old is it; how big? What
does it contain? How has it changed with time, and what may be its future? We
now know a great many answers, but behind every curtain of the unknown lies
another question, or several.
C.
Ever part of astronomy, from planets to black holes, has its mysteries.
Astronomers are working on these things. Such pure research is one of the most
important human activities. This is only partly because unexpected discoveries
and new insights often lead to the biggest payoffs. More importantly, if we ever
lose our sense of wonder, and stop trying to understand, the lights will be going
out for the human race.
D.
This course may be used as an elective in many programs, and may also fulfill the
science requirement for a degree plan in many programs. It is the duty of the
student to ascertain whether this course will properly transfer to that student’s
target university or college.
01/10/11
E.
Themes of the Course
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
II.
The Solar System is dynamic and continually evolving.
The universality of physical laws discovered on Earth allows us to analyze
and draw conclusions about celestial phenomena that can be studied only at
great distances.
Scientific conclusions must be based on an exacting comparison of
hypotheses to evidence obtained from observations and experimental data.
The Universe, because it has objects and environments that cannot be
duplicated on Earth, is a unique laboratory for testing scientific hypotheses.
Because astronomy is a human endeavor, it is subject to both the limitations
and the enhancements of personal relationships, biases, inspiration, and
creativity.
Most astronomical knowledge accumulates incrementally, with each new
piece of knowledge providing a potential foundation for further
understanding.
Observational and computational technologies play critical roles in shaping
our understanding of the Universe.
In addition to scientific value, astronomy has practical and philosophical
value because humans are participants in, as well as observers, of the
universe.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
Upon successful completion of this course, The Solar System, the student will be able to:
A.
Trace the development of astronomy as a science from its earliest beginnings to the
present day.
B.
Describe the electromagnetic spectrum and explain the purposes of the different
types of observing techniques and instruments used in astronomy.
C.
Explain the significance of the appearance of astronomical objects seen in the sky,
describe celestial positions, and explain the working of time zones and calendars.
D.
Recognize major constellations, stars, star groups, and features on the moon and
planets when seen in the sky.
E.
Describe the arrangement, structure, and compositions of the solar system, including
the sun, planets, and non-planetary bodies.
F.
Discuss the possibility of life existing elsewhere in the solar system.
PHYS 1404
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G.
III.
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS
A.
The instructional materials identified for this course are viewable through
www.ctcd.edu/books
REQUIRED LABORATORY BOOK: Twenty-one Activities concerning “Where We
Are in Space and Time”, Project STAR, The Harvard-Smithsonian Center for
Astrophysics, 1990. If you have already taken PHYS – 1403, (Stars and Galaxies)
then your lab will consist of computer activities from “Starry Night Pro Activities &
Observation and Research Projects”. This is in the text book bundle. Also there will
be a number of labs involving hands-on activities. Your instructor will provide the
hand-outs on how to do those activities.
A scientific calculator.
Experimental Research Notebook (Optional).
B.
C.
D.
IV.
COURSE REQUIREMENTS
A.
Your primary responsibility is to function as a college student, interested in putting
forth the effort required to obtain a passing grade in The Solar System. You are to
put into use all of your learning skills, acquired from past and present educational
experiences, in order to carry out this requirement.
B.
Attached to each syllabus is the course outline and tentative class schedule, which
breaks down each unit into video programs and reading assignments for that video
program. You may well find it useful and advantageous to answer the end-of-chapter
questions which you will find useful in guiding your review of the reading and video
program. Your answers to these discussion questions probably will not be collected
(depending on the requirements of your instructor/mentor/proctor), but will form part
of your study guide.
C.
Each part of the course is not self-contained. You may expect that basic concepts
presented at the beginning of the course will be built upon day by day, added to,
expanded upon, etc., so that with time you will have both specific and overall
understandings. It is important to link together each piece in an attempt to achieve
the comprehensive realization.
D.
You are expected to maintain good class notes, since any material given in the text,
video program, and student study guide may be included on exams. Pay particular
attention to those items that are stressed or emphasized. The text and study guide
should be available for use and reference during group recitations if such recitations
are part of your course.
PHYS 1404
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E.
V.
Regular class attendance is essential for passing the course. Excessive unexcused
absences will result in you being dropped from the course with a grade of “F”.
See Section VII below for further information.
EXAMINATIONS
There will be four unit exams given at the times announced. Lowest exam score will be
dropped. Missed exams will not be made up under any circumstance. There will also be a
comprehensive final exam. The final exam cannot be missed.
VI.
SEMESTER GRADE COMPUTATION
Hour exams
Final exam
Quizzes
Home works
Planetarium & Observations
Laboratory
Total
40%
10%
10%
10%
10%
20%
100%
90% - 100% = A
80% - 89% = B
70% - 79% = C
60% - 69% = D
0% - 59% = F
VII. NOTES AND ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTIONS FROM COURSE INSTRUCTOR
A.
Withdrawal from the course: It is the student’s responsibility to officially drop a
class if circumstances prevent attendance. Any student who desires to, or must,
officially withdraw from a course after the first scheduled class meeting must file an
Applications for Withdrawal or an Application for Refund. The withdrawal form
must be signed by the student. Application for Withdrawal will be accepted at any
time prior to Friday of the 12th week of classes during the 16 week fall and spring
semesters. The deadline for sessions of other lengths is as follows:
11 week session
8 week session
5-1/2 week session
Friday of the 8th week
Friday of the 6th week
Friday of the 4th week
The equivalent date (75% of the semester) will be used for sessions of other lengths.
The specific last day to withdraw is published each semester in the Schedule
Bulletin.
Students who officially withdraw will be awarded the grade of W provided the
student’s attendance and academic performance are satisfactory at the time of official
withdrawal. Students must file a withdrawal application with the college before they
may be considered for withdrawal.
A student may not withdraw from a class for which the instructor has previously
PHYS 1404
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issued the student a grade of “F” or “FN” for nonattendance.
B.
An Administrative Withdrawal: An administrative withdrawal may be initiated
when the student fails to meet College attendance requirements. The instructor will
assign the appropriate grade on the Administrative Withdrawal Form for submission
to the registrar.
The following specific rules apply to absences: Each instructor shall keep a record of
class attendance. An administrative withdrawal will be submitted when student’s
absences exceed four (4) class meetings, and in the opinion of the instructor, the
student cannot satisfactorily complete the course. The final decision rests solely with
the instructor. The instructor will note administrative withdrawals as the grade of “F
Non-Attendance” on the roll and record book. As a matter of policy, administrative
excuses from classes are not provided for any reason. Regardless of the nature of the
absence, students are responsible for completing all course work covered during any
absence.
C.
D.
An Incomplete Grade: The College catalog states, “An incomplete grade may be
given in those cases where the student has completed the majority of the course work,
but because of personal illness, death in the immediate family, or military orders, the
student is unable to complete the requirements for a course...” Prior approval from
the instructor is required before the grade of “I” is recorded. A student who merely
fails to show for the final examination will receive a zero for the final and an “F” for
the course.
Disability Support Services provides services to students who have appropriate
documentation of a disability. Students requiring accommodations for class are
responsible for contacting the Office of Disability Support Services (DSS) located on
the central campus. This service is available to all students, regardless of location.
Review the website at www.ctcd.edu/disability-support for further information.
Reasonable accommodations will be given in accordance with the federal and state
laws through the DSS office.
E.
Students are required to be on class on time.
F.
For complete information consult the College Catalog!
VIII. COURSE OUTLINE
1. Unit One: Unit One: Charting the Heavens: The Foundations of
Astronomy, The Copernican Revolution: The Birth of Modern
Science, Radiation: Information from the Cosmos, Spectroscopy:
The Inner Working of Atoms.
PHYS 1404
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1.
PHYS 1404
Unit Objectives: Upon successful completion of this unit, the student will
be able to:
a.
Describe how scientists combine observation, theory, and testing in
their study of the universe.
b.
Percieve the size of the universe.
c.
Explain the concept of the celestial sphere and how we use angular
measurement to locate objects in the sky.
d.
Describe how and why the sun and the stars appear to change their
positions from night to night and from month to month.
e.
Explain why Earth’s rotation axis shifts slowly with time, and say
how this affects Earth’s seasons.
f.
Tell how our clocks and calendars are linked to earth’s rotation and
orbit around the Sun.
g.
Show how the relative motions of Earth, the Sun, and the Moon
lead to eclipses.
h.
Explain the simple geometric reasoning that allows astronomers to
measure the distances and sizes of otherwise inaccessible objects.
i.
Describe how some ancient civilizations attempted to explain the
heavens in terms of Earth-Centered models of the universe.
j.
Explain how the observed motions of the planets led to our modern
view of a Sun-Centered solar system.
k.
Describe the major contributions of Galileo and Kepler to our
understanding of the solar system.
l.
State Kepler’s laws of planetary motion.
m.
Explain how astronomers have measured the true size of the solar
system.
n.
State Newton’s laws of motion and universal gravitation and
explain how they account for Kepler’s laws.
o.
See the connection between physics and astronomy; specially, the
Newton’s laws of gravity & motion, Kepler’s laws of orbital
motion and Einstein’s laws of relativity.
p.
Explain how the law of gravitation enables us to measure the
masses of astronomical bodies.
q.
Describe the basic properties of wave motion.
r.
Tell how electromagnetic radiation transfers energy and
information
through interstellar space.
s.
Describe the major regions of the electromagnetic spectrum and
explain how earth’s atmosphere affects our ability to make
astronomical observations at different wavelengths.
t.
Explain what is meant by the term “blackbody radiation” and
describe the basic properties of such radiation.
u.
Tell how we can determine the temperature of an object by
observing the radiation it emits.
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v.
w.
x.
y.
z.
aa.
bb.
cc.
dd.
2.
Learning Activities:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
3.
Read the related text material prior to the lecture.
Attend class lectures and take notes.
Learn about prisms and gratings by hands-on activities.
Watch demonstrations on how telescopes function and are used.
Observe planetarium demonstrations.
Enjoy selected audio-visual material as appropriate.
Unit Outline:
a.
PHYS 1404
Show how the relative motion between a source of radiation and its
observer can change the perceived wavelength of the radiation, and
explain the importance of this phenomenon to astronomy.
Describe the characteristics of continuous, emission, and
absorption spectra and the conditions under which each is
produced.
Explain the relation between emission and absorption lines and
what we can learn from those lines.
Specify the basic components of the atom and describe our modern
conception of its structure.
Discuss the observations that led scientists to conclude that light
has particle as well as wave properties.
Explain how electron transitions within atoms produce unique
emission and absorption features in the spectra of those atoms.
Describe the general features of spectra produced by molecules.
List and explain the kinds of information that can be obtained by
analyzing the spectra of astronomical objects.
Explain the significance of the various forms of light and how they
are used in astronomy.
Chapter 1: Charting the Heavens: The Foundations of Astronomy
1-1. Our Place in Space
i.
Scale
ii.
SI and USCS system & Distances
iii.
Evolving Planets
iv.
Earth’s Structure
v.
Scientific Notation
vi.
Astronomical Unit (AU)
vii.
Light Travel & Distance
viii. Emptiness of Space
ix.
Light Year (LY)
x.
Star Clusters and Gas Clouds
xi.
Our Galaxy
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xii.
xiii.
xiv.
xv.
PHYS 1404
Cluster of Galaxies
Superclusters, Filaments, & Voids
Angular measures
Degree, minutes, seconds.
1-2.
Scientific Theory and the Scientific Method
i.
Hypothesis, theory
ii.
Theoretical model
iii.
Scientific method:
iv.
Theory, prediction, observation.
v.
Testing a theory, experiment and proof.
1-3.
The “Obvious” View
i.
Constellations in the sky
ii.
Grouping of stars
iii.
Astrology
iv.
The Celestial Sphere
v.
The celestial poles
vi.
The celestial equator
vii.
The celestial coordinates
viii. Declination and right ascension.
1-4.
Earth’s Orbital Motion
i.
Day-to-Day Changes
ii.
Solar day
iii.
Diurnal motion
iv.
Sidereal day
v.
Seasonal Changes
vi.
The Zodiac
vii.
The summer solstice
viii. The winter solstice
ix.
The seasons
x.
equinoxes
xi.
Autumnal equinox
xii.
Vernal equinox
xiii. Tropical year
xiv. Long-Term Changes
xv.
Precession
xvi. Sidereal year.
1-5.
Astronomical Timekeeping
i.
Meridian
ii.
Variations in the solar day
iii.
Mean solar day
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iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
x.
xi.
b.
1-6.
The Motion of the Moon
i.
Lunar Phases
ii.
Sidereal month
iii.
Synodic month
iv.
Eclipses
v.
Partial lunar eclipse
vi.
Total lunar eclipses
vii.
Partial solar eclipses
viii. Total solar eclipses
ix.
Umbra
x.
Penumbra
xi.
Annular eclipses
xii.
Eclipse seasons
xiii. Eclipse geometry
xiv. Eclipse seasons
xv.
Eclipse tracks.
1-7.
The Measurement of Distance
i.
Triangulation and Parallax
ii.
Baseline
iii.
Trigonometry
iv.
Geometric scaling
v.
Cosmic distance scale
vi.
Sizing Up Planet Earth
vii.
Parallax Geometry
viii. Measurement of Earth’s radius.
Chapter 2: The Copernican Revolution: The Birth of Modern Science
2-1.
PHYS 1404
Time zones
Standard time
Greenwich mean time
Universal time
Tropical year
Leap year
Julian calendar
Gregorian calendar
The Ancient Astronomy
i.
Stonehenge
ii.
The Big Horn Medicine Wheel
iii.
The Caracol Temple
iv.
The Sun Dagger
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PHYS 1404
2-2.
The Geocentric Universe
i.
Observations of the Planets
ii.
Prograde Motion
iii.
Retrograde Motion
iv.
Planetary motion
v.
Inferior planets
vi.
Superior Planets
vii.
Inferior conjunction
viii. Superior conjunction
ix.
A Theoretical Model
x.
Geocentric Universe
xi.
Epicycle
xii.
Deferent
xiii. Ptolemaic model
xiv. Evaluating the Geocentric Model.
2-3.
The Heliocentric Model of the Solar System
i.
Nicolaus Copernicus
ii.
The Copernican revolution
iii.
The Foundations of the Copernican Revolution.
2-4.
The Birth of Modern Astronomy
i.
Galileo’s Historic Observation
ii.
Galilean Moons
iii.
I0, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto
iv.
Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems
v.
The Ascendancy of the Copernican System.
2-5.
The Laws of Planetary Motion
i.
Brahe’s Complex Data
ii.
Brahe’s observatory, Uraniborg
iii.
Kepler’s laws of planetary motion
iv.
Shapes of planetary orbits
v.
Ellipse
vi.
Focus (plural: foci)
vii.
Semimajor axis
viii. Eccentricity
2-6.
The Dimensions of the Solar System
i.
Solar Transit
ii.
Astronomical unit
2-7.
Newton’s Laws
i.
Newtonian Mechanics
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ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
2-8.
c.
Newton’s First law of motion
Newton’s 2nd law of motion
Newton’s 3rd law of motion
Newton’s law of Universal Gravitation.
Newtonian Mechanics
i.
Planetary Motion
ii.
Solar Gravity
iii.
Kepler’s Laws Reconsidered
iv.
Center of Mass
v.
Weighing the Sun
vi.
Orbits of two bodies
vii.
Escape Speed
viii. The Circle of Scientific Progress.
Chapter 3: Radiation: Information from the Cosmos
3-1.
Information from the Skies
i.
Electromagnetic radiation
ii.
Light and Radiation
iii.
Visible (spectrum) light
iv.
Radio, infrared, ultraviolet rays
v.
X-rays and Gamma Rays
vi.
Wave motion (velocity)
vii.
Wavelength, period, frequency and amplitude
viii. Amplitude
ix.
The components of visible light
x.
Visible spectrum
0
xi.
PHYS 1404
Nanometer(nm), Angstrom ( A )
3-2.
Waves in What?
i.
Matter waves
ii.
Sound wave
iii.
Light wave
iv.
Interaction between charged particles
v.
Electric Field
vi.
Magnetic field
vii.
Electromagnetic waves
viii. The wave theory of radiation
ix.
What is light? Wave or Matter?
3-3.
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
i.
The spectrum of radiation
ii.
AM, FM radio wave
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ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
d.
PHYS 1404
Infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, Gamma rays
Atmospheric Opacity
The Wave nature of radiation
Diffraction
Interference
Polarization
3-4.
Thermal Radiation
i.
Temperature and motion
ii.
Kelvin scale
iii.
Blackbody Spectrum
iv.
Blackbody Curves, Ideal versus Reality
v.
The Radiation Laws
vi.
The Wien’s Law
vii.
Stefan’s Law
viii. Astronomical Applications
ix.
Astronomical Thermometer
x.
The Sun at many wavelengths
3-5.
The Doppler Effect
i.
Redshift
ii.
Blueshift
iii.
Radial velocities
iv.
Measuring velocities with the Doppler Effect
Chapter 4: Spectroscopy: The Inner Workings of Atoms
4-1.
Spectral Lines
i.
Spectroscope
ii.
Emission Lines
iii.
Absorption lines
iv.
Solar spectrum
v.
Kirchhoff’s Laws
vi.
Identifying starlight
4-2.
Atoms and Radiation
i.
Atomic Structure
ii.
A Model of Atom
iii.
Different Kinds of Atoms
iv.
Electron Shells
v.
Ground State
vi.
Classical Atom
vii.
Quantum Atom
viii. Radiation as particles
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ix.
x.
B.
4-3.
The Formation of Spectral Lines
i.
The Excitation of Atoms
ii.
The Formation of a Spectrum
iii.
The Hydrogen Spectrum
iv.
The Fluorescence
v.
Kirchhoff’s Laws Explained
vi.
More Complex Spectra
vii.
Emission Nebula
4-4.
Molecules
i.
Chemical Bonds
ii.
Rotation and Vibration of molecules
iii.
Electron Transitions
iv.
Hydrogen spectra
v.
The Shapes of Spectral Lines
4-5.
Spectral-Line Analysis
i.
A spectroscopic Thermometer
ii.
Measurement of Radial Velocity
iii.
Line Broadening
iv.
Line profile
v.
Doppler shift
vi.
Thermal Broadening
vii.
Rotational Broadening
viii. Information from Spectral Lines
ix.
The Message of Starlight.
Unit 2: Telescope, The Solar System, Earth, and The Moon & Mercury.
1.
PHYS 1404
Photon
The Photoelectric Effect
Unit Objectives: Upon completion of this unit, the student will be able to:
a.
Sketch and describe the kinds of telescopes, explain their use, and
learn how to use them.
b.
Explain the particular advantages of reflecting telescopes for
astronomical use, and specify why very large telescopes are needed
for most astronomical studies.
c.
Explain the purposes of some of the detectors used in astronomical
telescopes.
d.
Describe how Earth’s atmosphere affects astronomical
observations, and discuss some of the current efforts to improve
ground-based astronomy.
e.
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of radio astronomy
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f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
k.
l.
m.
n.
o.
p.
q.
r.
s.
t.
u.
v.
w.
x.
y.
z.
aa.
PHYS 1404
compared with optical observations.
Explain how interferometry can enhance the usefulness of
astronomical observations.
Explain why some astronomical observations are best done from
space, and discuss the advantages and limitations of space-based
astronomy.
Say why it is important to make astronomical observations in
different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Discuss the importance of comparative planetology to solar system
studies.
Describe the overall scale and structure of the solar system.
Summarize the basic differences between the terrestrial and the
Jovian planets.
Identify and describe the major non-planetary components of the
solar system.
Describe some of the spacecraft missions that have contributed
significantly to our knowledge of the solar system.
Outline the theory of solar system formation that accounts for the
overall properties of our planetary system.
Summarize the physical properties of planet Earth.
Explain how Earth’s atmosphere helps to heat us, as well as protect us.
Outline our current model of Earth’s interior and describe some of
the experimental techniques to establish the model.
Summarize the evidence for the phenomenon of “continental drift”
and discuss the physical processes that drive it.
Discuss the nature and origin of Earth’s magnetosphere.
Describe how both the Moon and the Sun influence Earth’s surface
and affect our planet’s spin.
Specify the general characteristics of the Moon and Mercury, and
compare them with those of Earth.
Describe the surface features of the Moon and Mercury, and
recount how those two bodies were formed by events early in their
history.
Explain how the Moon’s rotation is influenced by its orbit around
Earth and Mercury’s by its orbit around the Sun.
Explain how observations of cratering can be used to estimate the
age of a body’s surface.
Describe the evidence for ancient volcanism on the Moon and
Mercury.
Compare the Moon’s interior structure with that of Mercury.
Summarize the leading theory of the formation of the Moon.
Discuss how astronomers have pieced together the story of the
Moon’s evolution, and compare its evolutionary history with that
of Mercury.
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2. Learning Activities:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Read the related text material prior to the Lecture.
Attend class lectures and take notes.
Complete study guide review activities.
Participate in selected additional activities as appropriate and
assigned by your instructor.
Watch selected additional audio-visual materials as appropriate.
3. Unit Outline:
a.
PHYS 1404
Chapter: 5: Telescopes: The Tools of Astronomy
5-1.
Optical Telescopes
i.
Refracting and Reflecting Telescopes
ii.
Refracting Lens
iii.
Reflecting Mirrors
iv.
Comparing Refractors and Reflectors
v.
Image Formation
vi.
Spherical Aberration
vii.
Chromatic Aberration
viii. Types of Reflecting Telescopes
ix.
Newtonian Telescopes
x.
Cassegrain Telescopes
xi.
HST Detectors
5-2.
Telescope Size
i.
Light Gathering Power
ii.
Resolving Power
iii.
Collecting Area
iv.
The Resolving Powers of a Telescope
v.
Angular resolution
vi.
Sensitivity
5-3.
Images and Detectors
i.
Image Acquisition
ii.
Charged-Coupled Devices (CCDs)
iii.
Image Processing
iv.
Background noises
v.
Wide-Angled Views
vi.
Photometry
vii.
Photometer
viii. Spectroscopy
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PHYS 1404
5-4.
High-Resolution Astronomy
i.
Atmospheric Blurring
ii.
Atmospheric Turbulence
iii.
Seeing
iv.
Seeing disk
v.
Light Pollution
vi.
Active Optics
vii.
Real-Time Control
viii. Adaptive Optics
5-5.
Radio Astronomy
i.
Radio Telescopes
ii.
Early Observations
iii.
Essentials of Radio Telescopes
iv.
Arecibo Observatory
v.
The value of Radio Astronomy
vi.
Haystack Observatory
5-6.
Interferometry
i.
Interferometer
ii.
A Radio Interferometer
iii.
VLA Interferometer
iv.
Interferometry at other Wavelengths
v.
Optical Interferometry
5-7.
Space-Based Astronomy
i.
Infrared Astronomy
ii.
Infrared Telescopes
iii.
Ultrviolet Astronomy
iv.
Ultraviolet telescopes
v.
High-Energy Astronomy
vi.
Einstein Observatory
vii.
Chandra Observatory
viii. X-Ray Observatory
ix.
Gamma-Ray Astronomy
5-8.
Full-Spectrum Coverage
i.
Objects studied in Radio frequency
ii.
Objects studied in Infrared frequency
iii.
Objects studied in Visible frequency
iv.
Objects studied in Ultraviolet frequency
v.
Objects studied in X-Ray frequency
vi.
Objects studied in Gamma ray frequency
16
b.
Chapter 6: The Solar System: An Introduction to Comparative
Planetology
6-1.
PHYS 1404
An inventory of the solar System
i.
Discovering our Planetary System
ii.
Asteroids
iii.
Kuiper belt objects
iv.
Meteoroids
v.
Comparative planetologt
6-2.
Measuring the Planets
i.
Orbital Semimajor Axis (in AU)
ii.
Orbital Period
iii.
Mass
iv.
Radius
v.
Number of Known Satellites
vi.
Rotation Period
vii.
Average density
6-3.
The Overall Layout of the Solar System
i.
Major Bodies of the Solar System
ii.
Major Properties
6-4.
Terrestrial and Jovian Planets
i.
Planetary Properties
ii.
Differences among the Terrestrial Planets
iii.
Terrestrial-Jovian Comparison
6-5.
Interplanetary Matter
i.
Cosmic Debris
ii.
Asteroids
iii.
Kuiper Belt objects
iv.
Comets
v.
Meteoroids
vi.
Interplanetary dust
6-6.
Spacecraft Exploration of the Solar System
i.
The Mariner 10 Flybys of Mercury
ii.
Exploration of Venus
iii.
The Venera program
iv.
Venus Lander
v.
Magellan Orbiter
vi.
Exploration of Mars
17
vii.
viii.
ix.
x.
xi.
6-7.
c.
PHYS 1404
Mariner 4
Viking Lander
Missions to the Outer Planets
Gravitational Slingshots
Voyager Mission
How Did the Solar System Form?
i.
Nebular Contraction
ii.
Planetary Condensation
iii.
Angular Momentum
iv.
Nebular Contraction
Chapter 7: Earth: Our Home in Space
7-1.
Overall Structure of Planet Earth
i.
Mantle
ii.
Core
iii.
Crust
iv.
Hydrosphere
v.
Atmosphere
7-2.
Earth’s Atmosphere
i.
Atmospheric Structure
ii.
Convection
iii.
Atmospheric Ozone
iv.
Antarctic Ozone Hole
v.
Surface Heating
vi.
Why is the sky Blue?
vii.
Greenhouse Effect
viii. Origin of Earth’s Atmosphere
7-3.
Earth’s Interior
i.
Seismic Waves
ii.
Seismograph
iii.
P and S waves
iv.
Modeling Earth’s Interior
v.
Differtiation
7-4.
Surface Activity
i.
Continental Drift
ii.
Plate Tectonics
iii.
Lithosphere
iv.
Asthenosphere
18
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
x.
xi.
xii.
xiii.
xiv.
d.
PHYS 1404
Geologic Activity
Global Plates
Radioactive Dating
Effects of Plate Motion
What Drives the Plates
Seafloor Spreading
Magnetic Reversals
Plate Drift
Past Continental Drift
Pangea
7-5.
Earth’s Magnetosphere
i.
Van Allen Belts
ii.
Aurora
iii.
Aurora Borealis
7-6.
The Tides
i.
Formation of Hydrosphere
ii.
Gravitational Deformation
iii.
Lunar Tides
iv.
Earth’s slowing rotation
Chapter 8: The Moon and Mercury: Scorched and Battered Worlds
8-1.
Orbital Properties
i.
The Moon
ii.
Moon Data
iii.
Mercury
iv.
Visibility of Mercury
v.
Phases of Mercury
8-2.
Physical Properties
i.
Angular Diameter from Earth
ii.
True size
iii.
Mercury’s angular Diameter
8-3.
Surface Features on the Moon and Mercury
i.
Lunar Terrain
ii.
Highlands
iii.
Craters
iv.
Moon, Close Up
v.
Moon from Apollo
vi.
The Surface of Mercury
19
PHYS 1404
8-4.
Rotation Rates
i.
The Rotation of the Moon
ii.
Synchronous Orbit
iii.
Measurement of Mercury’s Spin
iv.
Planetary Radar
v.
Explanation Of Mercury’s Rotation
8-5.
Lunar Cratering and Surface Composition
i.
Meteoritic Impacts
ii.
Large Lunar Craters
iii.
Cratering History of The Moon
iv.
Microcraters
v.
Lunar Dust
vi.
Regolith
vii.
Lunar Ice?
viii. Barringer Crater
ix.
Lunar Volcanism
x.
Rille
xi.
Crater Chain
8-6.
The Surface of Mercury
i.
Scarp on Mercury
ii.
Mercury’s Basin
iii.
Weird Terrain
8-7.
Interiors
i.
The Moon
ii.
Lunar Prospector
iii.
Lunar Interior
iv.
Mercury’s Magnetic Field
v.
The Terrestrial Interiors of Earth, Moon, and Mercury
8-8.
The Origin of the Moon
i.
Theories of Lunar Formation
ii.
Coformation theory
iii.
Capture theory
iv.
Daughter or fission theory
v.
The Impact Theory
8-9.
Evolutionary History of the Moon and Mercury
i.
Lunar Evolution
ii.
Mercury Evolution
20
C.
Unit 3: Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn
1.
PHYS 1404
Unit Objectives: Upon successful completion of this unit, the student will be
able to:
a.
Summarize Venus’s general orbital and physical properties.
b.
Describe the characteristics of Venus’s atmosphere and contrast it
with that of Earth.
c.
Compare the large-scale surface features and geology of Venus
with those of Earth and the Moon.
d.
Discuss the evidence for ongoing volcanic activity on Venus.
e.
Explain why the greenhouse effect has produced conditions on
Venus very different from those on Earth.
f.
Describe Venus’s magnetic field and internal surfaces.
g.
Summarize the general orbital and physical properties of Mars.
h.
Describe the observational evidence for seasonal changes on Mars.
i.
Compare the surface features and geology of Mars with those of
the Moon and Earth, and account for these characteristics in terms
of Martian history.
j.
Discuss the evidence that Mars once had a much denser
atmosphere and running water on its surface.
k.
Explain where that ancient water on Mars may be found today.
l.
Compare the atmosphere of Mars with those of Earth and Venus,
and explain why the evolutionary histories of these three worlds
diverged so sharply.
m.
Discuss what is known of the internal structure of Mars.
n.
Describe the characteristics of the Martian moons, and explain
their probable origin.
o.
Specify the ways in which Jupiter differs from the terrestrial
planets in its physical and orbital properties.
p.
Discuss the processes responsible for the appearance of Jupiter’s
atmosphere.
q.
Describe Jupiter’s internal structure and composition, and explain
how their properties are inferred from external measurements.
r.
Summarize the characteristics of Jupiter’s magnetosphere.
s.
Discuss the orbital properties of the Galilean moons of Jupiter, and
describe the appearance and physical properties of each moon.
t.
Explain how tidal forces can produce enormous internal stresses in
a Jovian moon, and discuss some effects of those stresses.
u.
Summarize the orbital and physical properties of Saturn, and
compare them with those of Jupiter.
v.
Describe the composition and structure of Saturn’s atmosphere and
interior.
w.
Explain why Saturn’s internal heat source and magnetosphere
differ from those of Jupiter.
21
x.
y.
2.
Describe the structure and composition of Saturn’s rings.
Define the Roche limit, and explain its relevance to the origin of
Saturn’s rings.
z.
Summarize the general characteristics of Titan, and discuss the
chemical processes in its atmosphere.
aa.
Discuss some of the orbital and geological properties of Saturn’s
smaller moons.
Learning Activities:
a.
b.
c.
a.
b.
3.
Unit Outline:
a.
PHYS 1404
Read the related text material prior to the lecture.
Attend class lectures and take notes.
Complete study guide review activities.
Participate in selected additional activities as appropriate and
assigned by your instructor.
Enjoy selected additional audio-visual materials as appropriate.
Chapter 9: Venus: Earth’s Sister Planet
9-1. Orbital Properties
i.
Inferior Conjunction
iii.
Superior Conjunction
iv.
Venus at Sunset
9-2.
Physical Properties
i.
Radius, Mass, and Density
ii.
Rotation Rate
iii.
Venus Data
iv.
Venus’s Solar Day
v.
Synodic Periods and Solar Days
vi.
Terrestrial Planets’ Spins
9-3.
Long-Distance Observations of Venus
i.
Pioneer Venus Spacecraft
ii.
Venus Express Orbiter
iii.
Venus, Up Close
9-4.
The Surface Of Venus
i.
Venus Mosaics
ii.
Detailed Radar Observations
iii.
Large-Scale Topography
iv.
Venus Maps
v.
Ishtar Terra
vi.
Aphrodite Terra
22
vii.
viii.
ix.
x.
xi.
xii.
xiii.
b.
Lava Flows
Volcanism and Cratering
Lava Dome
Venus Corona
Impact Craters on Venus
Venus In Situ
Data from the Soviet Landers
9-5.
The Atmosphere of Venus
i.
Atmospheric Structure
ii.
Atmospheric Circulation
iii.
Venus Express’s main mission
iv.
Polar Vortex
v.
Atmospheric Composition
vi.
The Greenhouse Effect on Venus
vii.
The Runaway Greenhouse Effect
9-6.
Venus’s Magnetic Field and Internal Structure
i.
Detectable Magnetic Field
ii.
Mariner 2 measurementPioneer Venus finding
iii.
Iron-rich core?
iv.
Slow rotation and magnetic field
Chapter 10: Mars: A Near Miss for Life?
10-1. Orbital Properties
i.
Conjunction
ii.
Mars Orbit
iii.
Mars Data
10-2. Physical Properties
i.
Two small moons
ii.
Density
iii.
Deep-Red Image
10-3. Long-Distance Observation of Mars
i.
Craters and Mountains
ii.
Appear as Reddish Disk
iii.
Images of Mars
10-4. The Martian Surface
i.
Large-Scale Topography
ii.
Tharsis
iv.
Mars Globes
v.
Mars Map
PHYS 1404
23
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
x.
Mars Up Close
The Martian “Grand Canyon”
Valles Marineries
Volcanism on Mars
Impact Cratering
10-5. Water on Mars
i.
Evidence for Past Running Water
ii.
Runoff Channels
iii.
Outflow Channels
iv.
Subsurface Ice
v.
Martian River Delta
vi.
Permafrost
vii.
Ancient Ocean?
viii. Crater Composition
ix.
The Martian Polar Caps
x.
Seasonal Cap
xi.
Residual Cap
xii.
Climate Change on Mars
xiii. The View from The Martian Landers
xiv. Life on Mars
10-6. The Martian Atmosphere
i.
Atmospheric Structure and Weather
ii.
Atmospheric Evolution
iii.
Fog in the Canyons
iv.
Atmospheric Change
v.
Martian Evolution
10-7. Martian Internal Structure
i.
Vikin Seismometer
ii.
Global Surveyor measurement
iii.
Mars tectonic
10-8. The Moons of Mars
i.
Discovered by Hall in 1877
ii.
Study by Mariner and Viking
iii.
Both irregular shape
iv.
Mars Express Photographs of the moons
c.
PHYS 1404
Chapter 11: Jupiter: Giant of the Solar System
11-1. Orbital and Physical Properties
i.
The View from Earth
24
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
Mass and Radius
Rotation Rate
Rotational Flattening
Jupiter Data
11-2. The Atmosphere of Jupiter
i.
Great Red Spot
ii.
Atmospheric Composition
iii.
Atmospheric Bands
iv.
Atmospheric Structure and Color
v.
Weather on Jupiter
11-3. Internal Structure
i.
Red spot Junior
ii.
An Internal Energy Source
iii.
Jupitor’s Deep Interior
iv.
Almost a Star?
11-4. Jupiter’s Magnetiosphere
i.
The Galileo Probe
ii.
Magnetopause
iii.
Current Sheet
iv.
Aurorae on Jupiter
11-5. The Moons of Jupiter
i.
Galilean Moons: a Model of the Inner Solar System
ii.
I0: The Most Active Moon
iii.
Europa: Liquid Water Locked in Ice
iv.
Ganymede and Callisto: Fraternal Twins
11-6. Jupiter’s Ring
i.
1979 Voyager Findings
ii.
Faint ring
iii.
Encircling Jupiter
d.
Chapter 12: Saturn: Spectacular Rings and Mysterious Moons
12-1. Orbital and Physical Properties
i.
Overall Properties
ii.
Rotation Rate
iii.
Rings
12-2. Saturn’s Atmosphere
i.
Composition and Coloration
ii.
Saturn Data
PHYS 1404
25
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
Weather
Saturn’s Cloud Structure
Saturn Storms
Saturn’s “Dragon Storm”
Saturn Polar Vortex
12-3. Saturn’s Interior and Magnetosphere
i.
Internal Heating
ii.
Magnetospheric Activity
iii.
Aurora on Saturn
12-4. Saturn’s Spectacular Ring System
i.
The View from Earth
ii.
Cassini Division
iii.
What Are Saturn’s Ring
iv.
A, B, and C Rings
v.
Encke Gap
vi.
D, E, F, and G Rings
vii.
The Roche Limit
viii. The Rings in Detail
ix.
Ringlets
x.
Orbital Resonances and Shepherd Satellites
xi.
Back-Lit Rings
xii.
Spokes in the Rings
xiii. Shephered Moon
xiv. Moon-Ring Interaction
xv.
The Origin of the Rings
12-5. The Moons of Saturn
i.
Titan: A Moon with an Atmosphere
ii.
Dancing Among Saturn’s Moons
iii.
Titan’s Surface and Interior Structure
iv.
Titan Revealed
v.
The View from Huygens
vi.
Titan’s Lake
vii.
Saturn’s Medium-Sized Moons
viii. The Small Satellites
ix.
The Co-Orbital Satellites
x.
Synchronous Orbit
xi.
The moon, Hyperion
D.
PHYS 1404
Unit Four: Uranus and Neptune, Solar System Debris, The Formation of
Planetary System, The Sun, and Life in the Universe.
26
1.
PHYS 1404
Unit Objectives: Upon successful completion of this unit, the student will be
able to:
a.
Describe how both chance and calculation played major roles in
the discoveries of
the outer planets.
b.
Summarize the similarities and differences between Uranus and
Neptune, and compare these planets with the other two Jovian
worlds.
c.
Describe what is known about the interiors of Uranus and Neptune.
d.
Explain what the moons of the outer planets tell us about their past.
e.
Contrast the rings of Uranus and Neptune with those of Jupiter and
Saturn.
f.
Describe the orbital properties of the major group of asteroids.
g.
Summarize the composition and physical properties of a typical
asteroid.
h.
Detail the composition and structure of a typical comet, and
explain the formation and appearance of its tail.
i.
Discuss the characteristics of cometary orbits and what they tell us
about the probable origin of comets.
j.
Describe the composition of the solar system beyond Neptune, and
explain why astronomers no longer regard Pluto as a plant.
k.
Distinguish among the terms meteor, meteoroid, and meteorite.
l.
Summarize the orbital and physical properties of meteoroids, and
explain what these properties suggest about the probable origin of
meteoroids.
m.
List the major facts that any theory of solar system formation must
explain and indicate how the leading theory accounts for them.
n.
Explain how the terrestrial planets formed.
o.
Say why planetary densities depend on distance from the Sun.
p.
Discuss the leading theories for the formation of the Jovian worlds.
q.
Describe how comets and asteroids formed, and explain their role
in determining planetary properties.
r.
Outline the properties of known extrasolar planets.
s.
Discuss how extrasolar planets fit in with current theories of solar
system formation.
t.
Summarize the overall properties and internal structure of the Sun.
u.
Describe the concept of luminosity, and explain how it is
measured.
v.
Explain how studies of the solar surface tell us about the Sun’s
interior.
w.
List and describe the outer layers of the Sun.
x.
Discuss the nature and variability of the Sun’s magnetic field.
y.
Describe the various types of solar activity and their relation to
solar magnetism.
27
z.
aa.
bb.
cc.
dd.
ee.
2.
Learning Activities:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
3.
Outline the process by which energy is produced in the Sun’s
interior.
Explain how observations of the Sun’s core changed our
understanding of fundamental physics.
Summarize the process of cosmic evolution as it is currently
understood.
Evaluate the chances of finding life elsewhere in the solar system.
Summarize the various probabilities used to estimate the number
of advanced civilizations that might exist in the Galaxy.
Discuss some of the techniques we might use to search for
extraterrestrials and to communicate with them.
Read the related text material prior to the lecture.
Watch the video program.
Complete study guide review activities.
Do additional activities as appropriate and assigned by your
instructor.
Enjoy selected additional audio-visual materials as appropriate.
Unit Outline:
a.
Chapter 13: Uranus and Neptune: The Outer Worlds of the Solar
System
13-1. The Discoveries of Uranus and Neptun
i.
Uranus
ii.
Uranus from Earth
iii.
Uranus, Close Up
iv.
Neptune
v.
Neptune from Earth
vi.
Neptune, Close Up
13-2. Orbital and Physical Properties
i.
Relative sizes compare to Earth
ii.
Day and night
iii.
Voyager pictures
13-3. The Atmospheres of Uranus and Neptune
i.
Composition
ii.
The most abundant elements
iv.
Weather
v.
The Great Dark Spot
vi.
Hubble Telescope’s view
PHYS 1404
28
vii.
Infrared Views.
13-4. Magnetospheres and Internal Structure
i.
Voyager 2 findings
ii.
Comparison of Jovian planets Magnetic Fields
iii.
Comparison of interior structures of Jovian Planets
iv.
Current state of knowledge about these planets
13-5. The Moon Systems of Uranus and Neptune
i.
Uranus,s Moons
ii.
William Herschel’s discoveries
iii.
Similarities of five largest Uranian moons
iv.
Radiation darkening
v.
Neptune’s Moons
vi.
Asteroid-sized moons
vii.
Viewe of Triton
viii. Water ice on Triton
13-6. The Rings of the Outermost Jovian Planets
i.
The Rings of Uranus
ii.
Observation of Uranus’s stellar Occultation
iii.
Voyager 1 and 2 detections
iv.
The physical data for Uranus’s rings
v.
Shepherd satellites
vi.
The Rings of Neptunes
vii.
Five dark rings of Neptunes
b.
Chapter 14: Solar System Debris: Keys to our Origin
14-1. Asteroids
i.
Orbital Properties
ii.
A view of Inner Solar System
iii.
The Asteroid Belt
iv.
Non-Belt Asteroids
v.
The Properties of Asteroids
vi.
The Origin of Asteroids
viii. The observation of Asteroids by Galileo’s Probe
ix.
Binary AsteroidsNear Earth Asteroids
x.
Gaspa and Ida
xi.
The Asteroid Mathilde
xii.
Detailed images of the Asteroid Eros
xiii. Earth-Crossing Asteroids
xiv. Apollo Asteroids
xv.
Aten Asteroids
PHYS 1404
29
xvi.
xvii.
xviii.
xix.
xx.
Amor Asteroids
Asteroud Icarus
Orbital Resonance
Lagrangian Points
Kirkwood Gaps
14-2. Comets
i.
Properties of Comets
ii.
Comet Tail
iv.
Comet nucleus
v.
Coma
vi.
Hydrogen envelope
vii.
Ion Tails
viii. Dust TailsComet Trajectory
ix.
Halley’s Comet
x.
Physical Properties of Comet
xi.
Space missions to Comets
xii.
Vega 2 Soviet craft
xiii. Giotto, European Craft
xiv. NASA Stardust mission
xv.
Comet Orbits
xvi. Kuiper belt
xvii. Oort Cloud
xviii. Comet Geology
xix. The Origin of Comets
14-3. Beyond Neptune
i.
Kuiper belt objects
ii.
Trans-Neptunian objects
iii.
The Serendipitous Discovery of Pluto
iv.
Comet Reservoir
v.
Pluto’s Orbital and Physical Properties
vi.
Crossing of Neptune’s and Pluto’s orbits
vii.
Pluto and Charon
viii. Pluto-Charon Eclipses
ix.
A three-dimensional surface map of Pluto
x.
Properties of Trans-Neptunian Objects
xi.
The King of the Kuiper Belt
xii.
Dwarf planets
14-4. Meteoroids
i.
Meteor
ii.
Meteoroid
iii.
Meteorite
PHYS 1404
30
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
x.
xi.
xii.
xiii.
xiv.
xv.
xvi.
c.
Meteo Trails
Meteor Showers
Cometary Fragments
Meteroid swarm
Micrometeoids
Cometary Fragments
Stray Asteroids
Radiant
Manicouagan Reservoir
Tunguska Debris
Meteorite Properties
Large Meteorites
Meteorite Samples
Chapter: 15: The Formation of Planetary Systems: The Solar System
and Beyond
15-1. Modeling Planet Formation
i.
Theory on Formation
ii.
Model Requirements
iii.
Each planet is relatively isolated in space
iv.
Orbit is nearly circular
v.
Orbits lie in nearly the same plane
vi.
Direction of orbital motion
vii.
Direction of rotation
viii. Direction of Planet’s moons orbit
ix.
Our solar system highly differentiated
x.
The asteroids very old and have different properties
xi.
Kuiper belt properties
xii.
Oort cloud properties
xiii. Planetary irregularities
15-2. Formation of the Solar System
i.
The Condensation Theory
ii.
The Condensation nuclei
iii.
Accretion process
iv.
Planetesimals
v.
Protoplanets
vi.
Differentiation of the Solar System
vii.
Dark Cloud
viii. Newborn Solar System
ix.
Temperature in the Early Solar Nebula
15-3. Terrestrial and Jovian Planets
PHYS 1404
31
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
Making the Inner Planets
Planetesimals and Protoplanets
Making the Jovian Worlds
Core-accretion theory
T Tauri Star
Jovian Condensation
Giant-Planet Migration
Formation Stops
15-4. Interplanetary Debris
i.
The Asteroids Belt
ii.
Comets and the Kuiper Belt
iii.
A time line of solar system formation
iv.
Planetesimal Ejection
15-5. Solar System Regularities and irregularities
i.
Recalling of Modern theory of solar system formation
ii.
10 characteristics points
iii.
Recall Evolutionary theory
iv.
Contrast with Catastrophic theory
v.
Recall collision hypothesis
15-6. Planets beyond the Solar System
i.
The Discovery of Extrasolar Planets
ii.
Detecting Extrasolar Planets
iii.
Planets Revealed
iv.
Planetary Transits
v.
Planetary Properties
vi.
An Extrasolar Transit
vii.
Extrasolar Orbital Parameters
viii. Hot Jupiters
ix.
Are they really Planets
x.
Brown Dwarfs (failed Stars!)
15-7. Is Our Solar System Unusual?
i.
Observational Limitations
ii.
Making Eccentric Jupiters
iii.
Jupiter-like Planet?
iv.
Sinking Planet
v.
Searching for Earth-Like Planets
vi.
The ERuropean CoRoT mission
d.
PHYS 1404
Chapter 16: The Sun: Our Parent Star
32
16-1. Physical Properties of the Sun
i.
Overall Properties
ii.
Differential Spin
iii.
Surface temperature
iv.
Heat Flow in the Sun
v.
The Photosphere
vi.
The Chromosphere
vii.
The Solar Corona
viii. Helioseismology
ix.
Luminosity
16-2. Solar interior
i.
Mathematical models
ii.
Hydrostatic Equilibrium
iii.
Solar Oscillation
iv.
Solar interior
v.
Energy Transport
vi.
Solar Granulation
16-3. The Sun’s Atmosphere
i.
Solar Spectrum
ii.
The spectral lines
iii.
The Transition Zone and the Corona
iv.
The Solar Wind
16-4. Solar Magnetism
i.
Sunspots and Active Regions
ii.
The Sunspot Cycle
iii.
The Sun’s Magnetic Cycle
iv.
Magnetic Cycles on other Stars
v.
Prominences and Flares
vi.
Coronal Activity
vii.
The Solar Constant
viii. Maunder minimum
16-5. The Active Sun
i.
Active regions
ii.
Prominences
iii.
Flares
iv.
Coronal mass rejection
v.
The Sun in X-Rays
vi.
Coronal Holes
vii.
Mass ejection
viii. The changing Solar Corona
PHYS 1404
33
16-6. The Heart of the Sun
i.
Solar Energy Production
ii.
Nuclear Binding Energy
iii.
Weak force, Strong force
iv.
Nuclear Fission
v.
Hydrogen Fusion
vi.
Charged Particle Interactions
vii.
Coulomb Barrier
viii. Proton-Proton Chain
ix.
Deuterium, Positron
viii. Energy transport
ix.
Radiative and Convective zone
16-7. Observations of Solar Neutrinos
i.
The Solar Neutrino Problem
ii.
The Davis solar neutrino experiment
iii.
Neutrino Detectors
iv.
Neutrino Physics and Standard Model
v.
Neutrino Telescopes
e.
PHYS 1404
Chapter 28: Life in the Universe: Are We Alone?
28-1
Cosmic Evolution
i.
Life in the Universe
ii.
Arrow of Time
iii.
Chemical Evolution
iv.
Amino acids and nucleotide
v.
Urey-Miller Experiment
vi.
An Interstellar Origin
vii.
Diversity and Culture
28-2
Life in the Solar System
i.
Life as we Know it
ii.
Search for Martian Life
iii.
Extremophiles
iv.
Alternative Biochemistries
28-3
Intelligent Life in the Galaxy
i.
The Drake Equation
ii.
Rate of Star Formation
iii.
Fraction of Stars Having Planetary System
iv.
Number of Habitable Planets per Planetary System
v.
Fraction of Habitable Planets on Which Life
34
Actually Arises
vi.
Fraction of Life-Bearing Planets on Which
Intelligence Arises
vii.
Fraction of Planets on Which Intelligent Life
Develops and Uses Technology
viii. Average Lifetime of a Technological Civilization
ix.
Technological Civilizations in the Galaxy
28-4. The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence
vi. Meeting Our Neighbors
vii. Pioneer 10 Plaque
viii. Radio Communication
ix. The Water Hole
x. Leakage
Project Phoenix
PHYS 1404
35