Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Please click here to view presentation
Document related concepts
no text concepts found
Transcript
Management of Hazardous Material (HAZMAT) in DPKO Missions: Associated risks and recommendations Orientation to the Militaries, UNPOLs, Civilians, Recyclers and HAZMAT contractors in the United Nations-Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) missions Author Emilia Mmbando Raila PUBH-8165-10 Walden University Instructor Dr. Howard E. Rubin General objectives of this orientation 1. To identify HAZMAT generated in DPKO Missions, related exposures, environmental & health effects (Part I) 1. To understand proper HAZMAT management (Part II) including: HAZMAT minimization; Proper handling; Appropriate storage; Dedicated transportation; Treatment alternatives and; Final disposal What is HAZMAT? HAZMAT are solids, sludge, liquids, or gases that pose significant danger to the public health or the environment if poorly managed. References Moeller, D. W. (2005). Environmental Health. Harvard Cambridge , MA: Harvard University Press USEPA (2010). Superfund for students and teachers: Hazardous material and hazardous waste. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/superfund/students/clas_act/haz-ed/ff_01.htm Characteristics of HAZMAT Ignitability Corrosive Reactivity Toxicity References Moeller, D. W. (2005). Environmental Health. Harvard Cambridge , MA: Harvard University Press USEPA (2010). Superfund for students and teachers: Hazardous material and hazardous waste. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/superfund/students/clas_act/haz-ed/ff_01.htm Examples of HAZMAT generated in DPKO Missions Used lead acid & Lithium batteries Used oil and its contaminants including used oil filters, rugs, & contaminated soil; Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs); Water treatment chemicals; Medical waste including infectious materials & expired drugs; Metal & electronic scrap; Used and damaged tires. Common HAZMAT generated in DPKO Missions Source: MINUSTAH (2010) . GSS/Property Disposal Unit Exposure to HAZMAT Humans, plants, and animals get exposed to HAZMAT through inhalation of polluted air with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBS), dioxin, furans; ingestion of contaminated food/water and dermal contact Exposure can be acute (single exposure) or chronic (repeated exposures) Use of protective gears and proper handling & disposal procedures reduce human exposure References Moeller, D. W. (2005). Environmental Health. Harvard Cambridge , MA: Harvard University Press ATSDR (2010). Toxic substances portal. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). Retrieved from http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/substances/toxsubstance.asp?toxid=25 CDC. (2010). National environmental report on human exposure to environmental chemicals. Polycyclic Hydrocarbons. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/exposurereport/data_tables/URXP10_DataTables.html Environmental effects of HAZMAT Pollute soil, air, surface water & underground water by PAHs, heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and other pollutants that in turn affect people, animals & crops mainly during its treatment & final disposal. Contribute to ozone layer depletion and climate change effects following global warming for example chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) References Moeller, D. W. (2005). Environmental Health. Harvard Cambridge , MA: Harvard University Press USEPA (2010). Superfund for students and teachers: Hazardous material and hazardous waste. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/superfund/students/clas_act/haz-ed/ff_01.htm ATSDR (2010). Toxic substances portal. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). Retrieved from http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/substances/toxsubstance.asp?toxid=25 Environmental Protection Agency (2010). Ozone Layer Protection. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/ozone/geninfo/benefits.html Health effects of HAZMAT e.g. desktop computer Material component Chronic health effects Arsenic transistors, printed wiring boards Skin, bladder and lung cancer; hypertension, skin sores and peripheral vascular disease Beryllium connectors, printed wiring boards Lung damage, allergic reactions, chronic beryllium disease, reasonably human carcinogen Reference Moeller, D. W. (2005). Environmental Health. Harvard Cambridge , MA: Harvard University Press Health effects of HAZMAT in desktop computer cont… Cobalt batteries Respiratory irritation, reduced pulmonary function, asthma, pneumonia & lung cancer Cadmium batteries, emitters, cathode ray tubes Pulmonary damage, kidney disease, bone fragility, reasonably human carcinogen Chromium housing, hardeners Lung cancer, liver & kidney disease, strong allergic reactions, may cause DNA damage Reference Moeller, D. W. (2005). Environmental Health. Harvard Cambridge , MA: Harvard University Press Health effects of HAZMAT in desktop computer cont… Gallium Semiconductors, printed wiring boards Evidence of carcinogenesis in test animals Lead printed wiring boards, metal joints, radiation shielding Damage to kidney, nervous, endocrine & reproductive systems; serious adverse effects on brain development Mercury Batteries, switches, printed wiring boards Chronic brain, kidney, lung & fetal damage, rise heart rate and blood pressure, allergic reactions Nickel printed wiring boards, Allergic reactions, asthma, chronic cathode ray tubes, bronchitis, impaired lung function, structural components reasonably human carcinogen Reference Moeller, D. W. (2005). Environmental Health. Harvard Cambridge , MA: Harvard University Press HAZMAT 6th Final disposal Management 1st HAZMAT minimization 5th HAZMAT treatment 2nd Proper handling 4th Dedicated transportation 3rd Appropriate storage HAZMAT minimization Promote less HAZMAT generation; Ensure long-term utilization of HAZMAT; Regular inventory taking to check expire date for first-in-first-out issuing plan for HAZMAT Promote HAZMAT sharing among contingents & departments Promote awareness on HAZMAT minimization Avoid HAZMAT spillage Promote recycling and reuse References Moeller, D. W. (2005). Environmental Health. Harvard Cambridge , MA: Harvard University Press Recycling & Reuse Changing HAZMAT into usable products e.g. recovery of heavy metal from electronic scrap, recycling of used lead acid batteries by HAZMAT contractors/recyclers. Reuse of HAZMAT without changing its initial form e.g. controlling soil erosion by means of used and damaged tires HAZMAT as source of energy in industries e.g. waste oil as energy source in production of essential oils in Haiti Converting HAZMAT into essential resources http://dodfuelcell.cecer.army.mil/rd/WTE_Workshop/Guinivan-AEC.pdf References Moeller, D. W. (2005). Environmental Health. Harvard Cambridge , MA: Harvard University Press USEPA (2010). Superfund for students and teachers: Hazardous material and hazardous http://www.epa.gov/superfund/students/clas_act/haz-ed/ff_01.htm waste. Retrieved from DPKO responsibilities towards proper HAZMAT recycling & reuse Avoid destruction/crushing of HAZMAT Promote awareness on HAZMAT handling by civilians, UNPOLs & militaries to facilitate its reuse Supervise HAZMAT contractors & recyclers for adherence on TOR Assist HAZMAT shipment where necessary Facilitate prompt renewal of HAZMAT contracts References Moeller, D. W. (2005). Environmental Health. Harvard Cambridge , MA: Harvard University Press Proper handling Wear protective gears while working with HAZMAT Observe good personal hygiene Segregate HAZMAT at source Maintain caps and upright position of HAZMAT e.g. lead acid batteries, solvents & waste oil Keep oil filters upside down to drain oil into a leak proof containers prior to incineration Don’t hack solid HAZMAT e. g. tires Maintain original & sealed containers for toxic liquids Drain scrap generators, vehicles & pumps prior to shipment Maintain color coding segregation of medical waste Reference MINUSTAH.(2009). SOP for the collection and disposal of HAZMAT within MINUSTAH Appropriate HAZMAT storage Store HAZMAT in cool, dry, well ventilated and confined area Collect waste non corrosive HAZMAT in 55-gallon metal drums Place HAZMAT on platforms with spills catchment chambers Use lined containers for medical waste to prevent contamination Maintain labels & Store HAZMAT only without mixing with non HAZMAT Accommodate oil absorbents, empty drums, fire extinguishers and PPEs in storage yard Reference MINUSTAH.(2009). SOP for the collection and disposal of HAZMAT within MINUSTAH Dedicated HAZMAT shipment Use specific truck to ship HAZMAT for disposal Minimize human contact during transportation Ship HAZMAT during non-peak periods Inform responsible units within DPKO about the quantity, nature, shipment day and time Carry oil absorbent materials in the truck for emergency spills Reference MINUSTAH.(2009). SOP for the collection and disposal of HAZMAT within MINUSTAH HAZMAT treatment Meant for stability, neutrality, and energy recovery from HAZMAT prior to disposal through: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Incineration Heat treatment Neutralization Solidification and/or stabilization Chemical treatment References Moeller, D. W. (2005). Environmental Health. Harvard Cambridge , MA: Harvard University Press USEPA (2010). Superfund for students and teachers: Hazardous material and hazardous waste. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/superfund/students/clas_act/haz-ed/ff_01.htm Incineration Involves waste reduction and toxic obliteration such as incineration of medical waste & oil contaminated materials Centrally located incinerators should be advocated for cost reduction and efficiency in preventing dioxins and furans Ash requires proper final disposal (landfill) Medical waste incinerator: MINUSTAH (2009) GSS/PDU References MINUSTAH.(2009). SOP for the collection and disposal of HAZMAT within MINUSTAH Moeller, D. W. (2005). Environmental Health. Harvard Cambridge , MA: Harvard University Press Heat treatment Involves heat application at moderate temperatures Effective in treating soil contaminated with volatile solvents such as diesel and gasoline fuels Presence of heat as by product of heat treatment may attract thermophilic bacteria that assist in stabilizing the contaminants Reference Moeller, D. W. (2005). Environmental Health. Harvard Cambridge , MA: Harvard University Press Neutralization Removing corrosive character of HAZMAT and adjusting its pH to reduce leaching ability Example is reaction of acid with base to form salt and water References Moeller, D. W. (2005). Environmental Health. Harvard Cambridge , MA: Harvard University Press Solidification and/or stabilization Portland cement is added to lower toxicity, recover physical characters and diminish transmission of contaminant for example encapsulation of unused and expired vaccines in DPKO Reduce HAZMAT to its fundamental form through plasma power technology for example upwards processing of 100 ton tires per day. References Moeller, D. W. (2005). Environmental Health. Harvard Cambridge , MA: Harvard University Press Chemical treatment Suitable in treatment of corrosive solids such as lime in DPKO missions Leaching of organic or inorganic contaminants from soils in situ or ex situ is being done by use of special formulated solutions Capable of chemically converting some compounds to much less mobility or toxicity nature for example chromium VI conversion to less toxic chromium III Reference Moeller, D. W. (2005). Environmental Health. Harvard Cambridge , MA: Harvard University Press Final HAZMAT disposal Hazardous waste landfill Placing HAZMAT into the land which is lined to prevent leachate from contaminating the environment. HAZMAT should not be disposed of in municipal landfill Collaborate with host countries to implement landfill for HAZMAT if not exist Cross-section of an active Landfill www.blueenvironmental.com/images/imgLandfillD References Moeller, D. W. (2005). Environmental Health. Harvard Cambridge , MA: Harvard University Press USEPA (2010). Superfund for students and teachers: Hazardous material and hazardous waste References •ATSDR (2010). Toxic substances portal. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). Retrieved from http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/substances/toxsubstance.asp?toxid=25 • •CDC. (2010). National environmental report on human exposure to environmental chemicals. Polycyclic Hydrocarbons. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/exposurereport/data_tables/URXP10_DataTables.html •Environmental Protection Agency (2010). Ozone Layer Protection. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/ozone/geninfo/benefits.html •USEPA (2010). Superfund for students and teachers: Hazardous material and hazardous waste. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/superfund/students/clas_act/haz-ed/ff_01.htm •Moeller, D. W. (2005). Environmental Health. Harvard Cambridge , MA: Harvard University Press •MINUSTAH.(2009). SOP for the collection and disposal of HAZMAT within MINUSTAH Host countries are home countries, don’t pollute! Proper HAZMAT disposal requires Militaries, FPUs, civilians, Recyclers and HAZMAT Contractors in DPKO missions to properly minimize HAZMAT generation rates, promote proper handling, shipment, storage, treatment and final disposal. This will minimize pollution in host counties for healthier people and environment. Thanks for your time!
