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Thanks! Plants Produce oxygen and Ozone Food : Wood and Paper Fossil Fuel Fiber Flavors and Fragrances : Medicines, Latex and Resins Decoration : Shade : Shelter : 식물의 Parts of a형태 plant (생식지(줄기); 꽃) (끝눈) (마디) (마디사이) (끝눈) (지상부계; 어린싹계) (영양지(줄기)) (잎; 잎몸, 잎자루) (곁눈) (줄기) (원뿌리) (곁뿌리) (뿌리계) Overview of Lecture Plant tissue Ground tissue Epidermal tissue Vascular tissue Meristem tissue Structure of Plant Body The plant body consists of organs that are composed of different tissues and these tissues are teams of different cell types. tissues, types 식물의 구조적 체계화: Cell- Tissue(유조직, 관다발 조직 등)-tissue system (기본조직계, 표피 조직계, 관다발조직계)-Organ(잎, 뿌리, 줄기 등..) Tissue (조직) : cells of common function, structure, or both Tissue system (조직계) : a collection of tissues , functional unit (기능적 단위) vascular tissue system, y , dermal tissue system, y ,g ground tissue system y Organ (기관) : several types of tissues Evolution of Plant to Environment 식물은 지구(soil)로부터의 영양분 흡수하고 대기와 태양으로부터의 CO2, 광을 이용 하도록 진화 Soil provides water and minerals and air is the main sources of CO2, however light does not penetrate far into soil. So, plants have evolved two systems: a subterranean root system y and an aerial shoot system y of stems and leaves Root system (뿌리계)와 Shoot system (지상부)로 구분 Plant Tissue Systems Roots, shoots and leaves contain three basic tissue systems (Permanent tissue) Ground tissue system (기본조직계) : For storage, photosynthesis and secretion, compose most of plant body •Parenchyma (유조직), Collenchyma (후각조직), Sclerenchyma (후벽조직) Vascular tissue system (관다발조직계) : For conduction •Xylem (물관부, 목부), Phloem (체관부, 사부) Dermal tissue system (표피조직계) : For protection Meristems (분열조직) Apical meristem (정단분열조직 ) : Lateral meristem (측생분열조직) : 1.1 Schematic representation of the body of a typical dicot 일반적인 쌍자엽식물의 모식도. 아마(Linum usitatissum)의 경단 및 근단 등 정단분열조직다 Ground Tissue Consist of three types of cells Parenchyma (유조직) storage of food and water, photosynthesis, and secretion Nuclei, chloroplast Collenchyma (후각조직) provide support for plant organs allowing them to bend without breaking, 예) celery의 texture Living protoplast Sclerenchyma (후벽조직) Tough and thick walls Lack living protoplast Parenchyma the most common type of plant cell Perform P f the th mostt metabolic t b li functions. f ti May M live li for f many years, functioning in storage, photosynthesis and secretion Some contain chloroplasts and are called chlorenchyma thin and flexible primary walls : 세포벽이 얇고 유연. (엽록조직) Collenchyma grouped in strands and help support young parts of the plant shoot provide support for plant organs organs, allowing bending but not breaking Have living protoplasts and may live for many years have thicker and uneven cell walls, lack secondary walls Sclerenchyma have tough thick walls 세포벽에 리그닌을 침적하여 압력에 저항하고 보호 (thick walled) Lack living cells at maturity 세포에서 분화된 죽은 세포로 되어 있음 Two general types : Both strengthen tissues Fibers (섬유소): Long, slender cells that are usually grouped in strands Sclereids (보강세포, 후벽세포) or stone cells (석세포): Variable shape; branched; may occur singly or in groups 5 µm S l id cells Sclereid ll iin pear (LM) 25 µm Cell wall Fiber cells (cross section from ash tree) (LM) 1.3 (A) Outer epidermis of leaf of Welwischia mirabilis; (B) Parenchyma 웰위시아(Welwischia mirabilis)의 잎의 (B) 유조직, (C) 후각세포, (D) 후벽세포. The dermal tissue system 식물의 표피(epidermis) Covered with a fatty cutin layer constituting the cuticle 잎과 대부분의 줄기의 표피 : cuticle이라는 waxy coating이 있어 water loss 억제, UV damage로부터 보호 Contains special cells, including guard cells, trichomes and root hairs nonwoody plants (초본식물) : woody plants (목본식물) : Periderm : The outer layers of tissue of woody roots and stems, consisting of the cork cambium and the tissues produced by it, such as cork 식물의 표피 : stoma, trichomes & root hairs Guard cells (공변세포) are paired sausage-shaped cells Flank a stoma, which is the passageway for oxygen and carbon dioxide, as well as the diffusion of water in vapor form. form Roots hairs (뿌리털) are tubular extensions of individual epidermal cells Trichomes (毛茸) are cellular or multicellular hairlike outgrowths of the epidermis Keep leaf surfaces cool and reduce evaporation by covering stomatal openings 관다발 조직 (vascular bundle) The vascular tissue system (관다발 조직계) long–distance transport of materials (원거리수송). 섬유와 유조직으로 싸여 있음. 관다발 조직 안쪽의 기본조직을 pith (髓), 바깥쪽을 cortex (피층)라 함. stele (중심주) : 줄기와 뿌리의 내피 안쪽의 기본조직과 관다발조직을 통칭 Xylem (물관부, 木部) The main water- and mineral-conducting tissue also conducts inorganic ions such as nitrates supports the plant body (구조적 지지) Typically includes parenchyma cells in horizontal rows called ‘rays’ Function in lateral conduction and food storage Xylem (물관부, 木部) Treachery element (통수요소) = vessel element + tracheid an efficient system for transporting water (including necessary minerals) from the root to the leaves and other parts of the plant. Continuous C ti ttubes b off d dead d cylindrical li d i l cells ll arranged d end-to-end d t d Vessels element (물관요소) one of the cell types found in xylem the building blocks of vessels, which constitute the major part of the water transporting system in the plants Tracheids (헛물관, 가도관) part of the transport system : transporting water structural support Pits Perforation plate Vessel element Vessel elements, with perforated end walls Tracheids 1.3 (E) Conducting cells of the xylem and phloem (E) 물관부와 체관부 통도세포의 모식도. Xylem (물관부, 木部) Pit pairs (벽공쌍) The tracheids have bordered pit pairs with a central torus that provides a way of sealing the tracheids if necessary pit membrane (벽공막) : pit pair 사이의 1차 세포벽과 middle lamella (중층) 과도한 압력의 차이에 의한 물의 이동을 막아줌 4.7 Tracheary elements and their interconnections; 관상요소와 이들의 상호연결. (C) 벽공강의 중심에 자리잡거나 또는 벽공강의 한쪽으로 머물러 흐름을 막는 유연벽공의 모식도. 두 헛물관 사이의 압력차가 작다면 벽공막은 유연막공의 중심 부근에 위치하여 벽공막의 다공성 주변부위를 통하여 물이 흐르게 만든다. 한 헛물관이 기포로 찼고 다른 헛물과은 장력하의 물로 채워져 있을 때처럼 두 헛물관 사이의 압력차가 크면 벽공막은 원절이 휘어진 벽을 막게 만들어 다른 헛물관으로 공동현상이 전파되지 못하게 만든다. (D) 대조적으로, 피자식 물과 송백류에 속하지 않는 유관속식물들의 벽공막은 구조가 비교적 균일하다. 이 벽공막의 구멍은 매우 작아 공동현상을 막지만 송백류 벽공에 비하여 상당한 정수압을 부과한다. Phloem (체관, 篩部) the living tissue that carries organic nutrients (known as photosynthate), particularly sugars, amino acids, carbohydrates etc. from leaves to roots or flowers Contains two types of elongated cells; Sieve cell (체관세포, 사세포) : Sieve tube b elements l (체관요소, 사관요소) : Sieve tubes elements (체관요소, 체관요소, 사관요소 사관요소)) Sieve tubes elements join to form continuous sieve tube (체관) a type of elongated parenchyma cell ll in i phloem hl tissue. ti Pores in sieve plate (체판) between sieve tube elements are open channels for transport Each sieve tube element is associated with one or more companion cells. C Companion i cells ll (伴細胞) Role in transport of photosynthesis products from producing cells in mature l leaves t sieve to i plates l t off the th small ll vein i off the th leaf l f Synthesize the various proteins used in the phloem (has a large number of ribosomes) Contain many mitochondria for cellular respiration to provide the cellular energy required i d for f active ti transport t t 3 µm Sieve-tube elements: longitudinal view (LM) Sieve plate Sieve-tube element (left) and companion cell: cross section (TEM) Companion cells Sieve-tube elements Plasmodesma Sieve plate Nucleus of companion i cells Sieve-tube elements: longitudinal view 30 µm 10 µm Sieve plate with pores (SEM) Meristematic tissues clumps of small cells with dense cytoplasm and large nuclei They act as stem cells do in animals : One cell divides producing a differentiating cell and another that remains meristematic Apical Meristems and Lateral Meristems Meristematic tissues Apical meristems located at the tips of stems and roots give rise to primary tissues (1기조직) Three primary meristems Primary growth Protoderm (원표피) gives rise to epidermis Ground meristem (기본분열조직) ground tissue Procambium P bi (전형성층) 1st vascular l ti tissue Meristematic tissues Lateral Meristems (측생분열조직) : Secondary growth Give rise to secondary tissues (2기분열조직) which are collectively called the secondary plant body Woody plants have two types Cork cambium (코르크형성층) Outer bark Vascular cambium (관다발형성층) 2nd vascular tissue 현화식물 As primary producers, flowering plants are at the base of the food web of nearly terrestrial ecosystems Although all angiosperms have a number of features in common, two plants groups, the monocots and dicots, differ in many anatomical details. Vegetative organs and systems Monocots and Eudicots Monocot Characteristics The two main groups of angiosperms are monocots and eudicots Eudicot Characteristics Embryos One cotyledon Two cotyledons Leaf venation Monocots More than one-quarter of angiosperm species are monocots Veins usually parallel Veins usually netlike Stems Vascular tissue usually arranged in ring Vascular tissue scattered Eudicots More M th than ttwo-thirds thi d off angiosperm i species i are eudicots di t Roots Taproot (main root) usually present Root system usually fibrous (no main root) P ll Pollen Pollen grain with one opening Pollen grain with three openings Fl Flowers Floral organs usually in multiples of three Floral organs usually in multiples of four or five