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Name: __________________________________ Aim 25: What are mutations and how do they affect the production of proteins? What is a Mutation? What does a mutation cause? Date: ________________ A _____________________ or random change in the genetic material (DNA sequence) of an organism. When the base sequence of DNA is __________________, the ______________________ sequence is also changed. Since amino acids chain together to create a specific ____________________, mutations could affect the operation of an ____________________, preventing it from properly catalyzing a reaction or preventing a ________________ from being ____________________ by the cell When do mutations occur? The enzymes responsible for matching up the nucleotide bases can match the ______________ bases together, ___________ a base out, or __________ an extra base. This occurs during DNA ______________ What can cause mutations? The rate of mutations can be increased by exposure to ___________________________ or __________________________, which are ________________________ factors that can cause a mutation. Examples: What types of mutations are there? Substitution Insertion _______________ of one base for another. _________________ of an extra base into an existing DNA sequence. Deletion A base is _____________________ from the normal DNA sequence. Inversion Bases within the gene (DNA segment) are __________________ or flipped Chromosome Mutation • Person inherits _________________ or ______________ chromosomes. • Often _______________ (cause death) *EXCEPTION: _______________________________________ • Non-lethal • Inheritance of an ___________chromosome on chromosome #______ (all human cells have 46 chromosomes. Someone with Down’s has _____ chromosomes) If a change (mutation) occurs in the original DNA sequence this COULD cause a change in the amino acid sequence and therefore change the shape and function of the protein that is produced. Does a mutation ALWAYS cause a change in the protein’s shape and function? Example 1: mRNA strand: UCGCACGGU AA seq: ____________________________________ Mutated mRNA strand: UCGUACGGU AA seq: ____________________________________ • Will this change the protein’s shape? _______ Will this change the protein’s function? _______ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Example 2: mRNA strand: AUGGUAACAAAG AA seq: __________________________________ Mutated mRNA strand: AUGGUAACCAAG AA seq: __________________________________ • Will this change the protein’s shape? _______ Will this change the protein’s function? _______ • This is what is called a ________________ mutation because the change in the DNA sequence ______________ change the protein and therefore will have NO EFFECT on the organism What is the difference between a “good” and “bad” mutation? 1. BAD MUTATIONS: Can cause an organism to no longer _______________________ properly. Could result in _________________________ of organisms. (Ex: ____________________ cell division can lead to __________________ 2. GOOD MUTATIONS: Provide for a source of __________________________that may make an organism ________________ for its environment (increases chances of survival) • Sexually reproducing organisms have sex cells or _______________________ (eggs in ovaries and sperm in testes ONLY) and non sex cells or _____________________ (all other body cells: Can mutations be passed onto offspring? muscle, liver, skin cells etc). • MUTATIONS CAN ONLY BE INHERITED (passed onto offspring) if they occur in the organism’s ___________________ (egg or sperm cells) • Body cells that have a mutation WILL pass that mutation to every ____________ that develops from it through cell division. Their offspring _______________ inherit this mutation. Mutation Practice Questions