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Unit 1
Neolithic Revolution – major change to human life caused by the development of farming
Civilization – a form of culture characterized by established cities, specialized labor, complex
institutions, written records, and advanced technology
Irrigation – the bringing of water to fields through man-made canals
City-state – a political unit made up of a city and its surrounding land
Dynasty – several rulers from one single family
Cultural diffusion – the spreading of ideas and products from one culture to another
Empire – a political unit where large numbers of people and areas of land are controlled by
one ruler
CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF SPECIFIC EVENTS BETWEEN 8000 BC AND 500 BC
Including but not limited to:
Development of agriculture:
Known as Neolithic or Agricultural Revolution
Causes
Hunter-gathering bands scattered seeds near campsites that resulted in growth of new crops
(10,000
years ago)
Climate change – rising temperatures lead to longer growing seasons and drier land
Growing populations led to discovery of new food resources – steady source of food
Effects
Shift from food-gathering to food-producing cultures leads to establishment of permanent
settlements
and eventually the first cities
Positive effects: Settlement leads to development of culture including art, religion, and
specialization
of labor; irrigation systems developed as crop production and land use increase
Negative effects: Close proximity of people lead to spread of disease, villages and cities
susceptible
to attacks, settlements could be destroyed by natural disasters
Development of river valley civilizations
Four early major river valley civilizations develop along the Tigris and Euphrates, Nile, Indus,
and Huang
He Rivers
Mesopotamia/Fertile Crescent (3500 BC – 1600 BC)
Settlement on the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers around 4500 BC
Sumerians arrive in 3500 BC and begin irrigation
Sumerian city-states established around 3000 BC
Polytheistic religion – ziggurat (temple) center of each city-state
Scientific achievements: wheel, sail, plow, bronze, cuneiform
Hammurabi (1792 BC-1750 BC) who establishes a written, uniform code of laws
(Hammurabi’s Code) “ eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth”
Babylonian Empire ends around 1500 BC and other civilizations in this area – Assyrians,
Phoenicians, and Hebrews – adopt ideas first developed by early Sumerians
Egypt (3000 BC – 2000 BC)
Earliest settlement along the Nile River begins in 5000 BC
Irrigation along the Nile leads to Egypt being known as “The Gift of the Nile”/ Flooding was on
a
regular yearly cycle
Ruled by pharaohs who were considered god-kings; theocracy established as form of
government
Polytheistic religion
Religious features: Pyramids built as tombs for pharaohs; belief in the afterlife; mummification
of the
dead to prevent bodies from decaying
Stratified society: Royal family followed by upper class followed by middle class (merchants
and
artisans) and then the lower class (peasant farmers and unskilled laborers). Slavery later
became a
source of labor.
Writing system: hieroglyphics; writing done on papyrus
Scientific achievements: written numbers, geometry, stone columns, calendar for flooding
cycle,
advanced medicine
Empire declines as other civilizations invade Egypt after 1200 BC
Indus River Valley Civilizations (2500 BC - 1700 BC)
First major cities include Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa that were developed on grid systems
and had
sophisticated plumbing and sewage systems
These early cities decline around 1750 BC due to a possible change in course by the Indus
River
Indo-European people known as Aryans settle in the Indus Valley around 1500 BC
Aryan religious features: sacred literature known as Vedas
Caste system develops under Aryans
Chinese River Valley Civilizations (3950 BC-1000 BC)
Huang He (Yellow) River Valley
Shang Dynasty (2000 BC): division of classes, importance of family
Writing system where each symbol represents an idea
Technology and science: bronze working, silk
CHARACTERISTICS OF CIVILIZATION
Including, but not limited to:
Key features of civilization
Advanced cities
Specialized workers
Complex institutions – Government, religion, economics
Record keeping, e.g. cuneiform in Sumerian cities
Advanced technology– Pottery, metalwork, beginning of Bronze Age in Sumer in 3000 BC
QUESTIONS ABOUT GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTSION, PATTERNS
Including, but not limited to:
Examples:
How did geography influence the development of civilizations?
STAAR Note:
These skills will be incorporated into STAAR test questions from reporting categories 1-4 and
will be
identified along with content standards.
PLACES, REGIONS OF HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE RELATED TO MAJOR ERAS AND
TURNING
POINTS
Including, but not limited to:
Early River Valley Civilizations: Mesopotamia, Fertile Crescent, Nile River Valley, Indus
Valley, HuangHe River Valley
EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL AND HUMAN GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS
Including, but not limited to:
Development of river valley civilizations
Advanced cities
Irrigation
Systems of government and religion
Written legal codes
Trade networks
Architecture – arch
Divisions of time/calendar system
Writing
IMPACT OF POLITICAL AND LEGAL IDEAS FROM HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS
Including, but not limited to:
Hammurabi's Code
Political impact – By deriving a single code of laws from the body of custom of his day,
Hammurabi
made law something objective, and less personal and therefore, more stable and predictable
Legal impact – The notion of a separate judiciary, as part of overall government (this is a
hallmark of
modern democratic governments, the world over)
Jewish Ten Commandments
Moses the Lawgiver
High standard of moral conduct
Covenant between God and the Hebrew people – God’s protection in exchange for keeping
God’s
Commandments
ORIGINS/IDEAS/SPREAD OF RELIGIOUS AND PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITIONS
Including, but not limited to:
Buddhism
Founded by Siddhartha Gautama, born in 6th Century BC to a noble family in Northern India.
Buddhism follows many of the beliefs of Hinduism, including non-violence, self-denial, and to
seek
oneness with the “Great World Soul”; but it rejects the Caste System and numerous gods.
Confucianism
Based on the ideas of Confucius (the Latin name for Master Kung). His major ideas are
recorded in
the Analects.
Living in a time of great confusion and chaos in China, Confucius sought to restore order
through a
basic set of ideas. Within Confucianism, there is an assumption that the universe has an order;
therefore, mankind should focus on Human Behavior. Additionally, although the following is
often
associated with being a work ethic, Confucianism believes if we focus on the five Relationships
and
what is right, there will be harmony.
Hinduism
Polytheistic religion dating back to the Aryan invasion in the 1500 BC.
Vedas – Collection of hymns and religious ceremonies of the Hindus that were passed down
orally
and eventually written down.
Reincarnation – Belief that the soul is reborn in a different form after death. Reincarnation
reinforces
the caste system of India.
Karma – A person’s actions on earth that determine how the soul will be reborn.
Hinduism is associated primarily with India and has spread little throughout the world.
Judaism – (historical origins and the central ideas of), including:
Abraham, Moses, David
Ethical monotheism
10 commandments
Torah
“Promised Land”
Messiah
Development of monotheism
gradual development
Mesopotamian civilizations: cities had a local patron deity, such as Sin at Ur.
Unit 1
Egypt: Pharaoh Akhenaten claims to be a supreme god
India: references in the Rig Veda
Zoroastrianism: Ahura Mazda is supreme deity
Abrahamic religions (Judaism, Christianity, Islam): One supreme God; also referenced as
Yahweh or
ORIGIN AND DIFFUSION OF MAJOR IDEAS IN MATHEMATICS, SCIENCE, AND
TECHNOLOGY
Including, but not limited to:
River Valley Civilizations – (Pre 700s)
Mesopotamia
Plow
Pottery
Bronze
Wheel
Arch
Sail
Cuneiform writing
Number system based on 60 and 360 degree circles
Phoenicians - Alphabet
Egypt
Mummification of the dead
Pyramids
Hieroglyphics
Papyrus
Calendar system based on Nile’s flood cycle
Medical advancements in surgery and for repairing broken bones
Indus River Valley
Sewer and plumbing systems in Mohenjo-Daro
Planned city systems
Huang He River Valley
Writing system based on symbols
Silk
Coined money
Ironworks
Great Wall of China
METHODS USED TO ANALYZE EVIDENCE BY
Including, but not limited to:
Archeologists (artifacts, fossils, excavations, etc.)
Anthropologists (fieldwork, analysis of written records, DNA, etc.)
Historians (primary sources, secondary sources, oral history, etc