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Asia
Chapter 19
China
The Ming Dynasty (1368 - 1644)
•
Chinese were the most skilled sailors in the world.
•
Build large sturdy ships called Junks
 Some were more than 400 feet long.
•
Ming emperor financed a fleet that sailed across Indian Ocean
 Fleet reached the Arabian Peninsula
 Chinese had ability to become a great seafaring power.
•
Ming emperors had little interest in
 Sea power or foreign trade
•
Stopped financing expeditions
Confucianism
•
Official philosophy adopted by Ming government
 Righteousness in heart = Beauty in Character
 Beauty in Character = Harmony in Home
 Harmony in Home = Order in Nation
 Order in Nation = Peace in World
Four Classes under Confucianism
•
Scholar-Gentry
 Highly literate class helped staff royal bureaucracy
•
Farmers
 Produce food and paid taxes that supported empire
•
Artisans
 Made beautiful useful objects
•
Merchants
 Bottom of social order
 Sold objects that peasants and artisans produced
•
In the minds of the emperor, foreign trade did not bring enough benefits to China to make it
worthwhile.
The Qing Dynasty (1644 - 1911)
•
In Manchuria, ( a region northeast of China), a chieftain named Nurhachi unified many tribes into a
single people, called Manchu.
•
The Qing emperors were not Chinese but adopted Chinese culture and traditional techniques.
•
Kangxi: became Emperor in 1661, a scholar and patron of the arts who supported intellectuals
• Expanded boarders beyond China
• New territories included Korea, Tibet, Taiwan,
Central Asia, and Mongolia.
Japan
Warring States Period (1467-1568)
•
Old political structure fell apart – created power vacuum
•
Powerful samurai seized control of old feudal estates
 Offered the people protection in return for their loyalty
 Daimyo meant “great name.”
•
Under this system, security came from this group of powerful warlords.
 The emperor at Kyoto became a figurehead
Oda Nobunaga
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
•
Took control of Kyoto in 1568
•
Nobunaga’s best general
•
Used firearms, used military forces to
•
Continued his fallen leader’s mission.
•
By 1590 he controlled most of the country.
•
He invaded Korea in 1592
defeat enemies and maintain power
•
•
Failed to unify Japan
Died in 1582 (seppuku) after a
 Fought Koreans and their Ming Chinese allies
general betrayed him
•
When he died in 1598, his troops withdrew
from Korea
Tokugawa Shogunate
•
One of Hideyoshi’s daimyo allies
•
Completed the unification of Japan
 Became the Shogun (sole ruler)
 Moved capital to Edo – which became Tokyo
•
Local daimyo still governed – created the “alternating attendance policy”
•
Emperor as figurehead
•
Founded a dynasty that lasted until 1867
•
Heavy taxes on peasants
•
Increasing population
•
Merchant population gained importance
•
Art and culture shifted due to urbanization
Factors in Asia’s
Development
Rice and Population
•
Advances in rice cultivation:
 Quicker developing varieties (multiple crop yields)
 Drought resistant varieties
•
More people survived, more children born
Two Rivers
•
Yellow River (The Huang He) - Northern China
 Name from the yellowish silt left behind when it overflows
 This silt is actually fertile soil called loess which is blown by the winds from deserts
to the west and north
•
Yangtze River (The Chang Jiang) - Central China
•
Between the two are China’s most fertile plains
Isolationism
•
China and Japan both:
 Sought to limit outside influence
 Retain power
 Retain cultural traditions
 Did not feel the need to seek out new trade partners
Isolationism
•
Ming Dynasty:




•
Only the government was to conduct foreign trade – minimize outside influence
Only through three coastal ports, (Canton, Macao, and Ningbo)
Smugglers were active all over the coast
Limited industrialization – favored agricultural economy
Qing Dynasty
 Continued to restrict trade and make demands of potential trade partners
•
Japan
 Unable to limit initial interactions – power not as centralized
 Eventually created a “closed country policy”
 One semi-open port
•
All sought to limit outside influence
Hinduism
•
•
Collection of beliefs
Buddhism
•
 Born a prince, sheltered
 Became Buddha ‘the enlightened one’
Polytheistic
 Family practices
•
Reincarnation
 Caste system
Siddhartha Gautama
•
Focus in internal, not on gods
•
Reincarnation
•
Karma
•
Four Noble Truths and Eightfold Path
•
Upanishads
•
•
Reach a form of understanding –
liberation for cycle
Reach Nirvana – release from
selfishness and pain