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Raudsepp-hearne and colleagues tested four main hypotheses • That well – being is not measured currently • Provisioning services such as food production, which are increasing, are more important for well-being than other services • Technology has decoupled humans from our relationship with nature • And the prospect of a time lag in humanity’s response to diminishing ecosystem services. President Nicolas Sarkozy – identified numerous factors that make up well – being ; those that can be measures such as emotional happiness. Both types of measures – objective and subjective Raudsepp-Hearne explains the paradox – the expectation of a time lag in humanity’s response to diminishing ecosystem services. The environmentalist’s paradox is not a paradox because global growth in human capital ( such as knowledge and individual skills) is substituting for our reliance on natural capital - human well being will continually improve without restriction • Necoclassical ( Mainstream) economic view of the economy • All economic activity is considered to be contained within a whole, self-contained system, where the environment is a subsystem of the greater economy. Resources produced by environment. The Earth which is bounded by biophysical limits • Ecological economic view of the economy • There are indeed limits to scale of the human economy relative to the natural economy, and that aggregate human well-being is ultimately constrained by these limits. Two alternative viewpoints • One which stresses the importance of the environment for human well- being • another which argues that the environment perhaps isn’t so important after all. • Raudsepp-hearne and colleagues argue that to resolve the paradox, ecologists need to direct efforts into understanding the links between ecosystem services and multiple aspects of human well- being, trade-offs and synergies between services, the role of technology and better forecasting of changes and potential tipping points in the future supply of ecosystem services.