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Biology
Chapter Two
Principles of
Ecology
2.1 Organisms and Their
Environment
Objectives:
1. Distinguish between the biotic and abiotic
factors in the environment.
2. Compare the different levels of biological
organization and living relationships
important in ecology.
3. Explain the difference between a niche and a
habitat.
2.1 What is Ecology?
• What are the root words of the word
“ecology”?
• What do ecologists study?
• What kind of data is useful for ecological
research?
• Name some other scientific fields that
contribute information or techniques to
ecology.
2.1 What is Ecology?
• Biosphere:
• Abiotic factor:
• Biotic factor:
Levels of Organization in Ecology:
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
2.1 What is Ecology?
Organisms in Ecosystems
Habitat:
Niche:
2.1 What is Ecology?
Living Relationships
Symbiosis:
Commensalism:
Mutualism:
Parasitism:
2.2 Nutrition and Energy Flow
Objectives:
1. Compare how organisms satisfy
their nutritional needs.
2. Trace the path of energy and
matter in an ecosystem.
3. Analyze how nutrients are cycled in
the abiotic and biotic parts of the
biosphere.
2.2 Nutrition and Energy Flow
How Organisms Obtain Energy
The Producers: Autotrophs
Root words… auto means “self”
trophe means “____________”
Examples:
2.2 Nutrition and Energy Flow
How Organisms Obtain Energy
The Consumers:
Heterotrophs
Root words… hetero means “other”
trophe means “nutrition”
Examples:
2.2 Nutrition and Energy Flow
How Organisms Obtain Energy
The Consumers:
Heterotrophs
Types include:
Herbivores
Carnivores
Omnivores
Also… Scavengers & Decomposers
2.2 Nutrition and Energy Flow
Matter & Energy Flow in Ecosystems
“A food chain is a simple model to show how
matter and energy move through an
ecosystem.”
Why do most food chains have 5 or fewer links?
2.2 Nutrition and Energy Flow
Matter & Energy Flow in Ecosystems
What is a trophic level?
Food web: A model of all possible feeding
relationships at each trophic level in a
community.
2.2 Nutrition and Energy Flow
Matter & Energy Flow in Ecosystems
Ecological Pyramids show how ____________ flows
through an ecosystem.
Base of the pyramid = 1st trophic level, the
____________
Higher trophic levels are stacked on top.
2.2 Nutrition and Energy Flow
Compare Figure 2.18, Figure 2.19, and Figure
2.20 in your textbook.
Pyramid of Energy
Pyramid of Numbers
Pyramid of Biomass
How are these models similar? How are they
different?
2.2 Nutrition and Energy Flow –
Cycles in Nature
Energy used in an ecosystem can be
replenished by ______________.
Matter (chemical elements), on the other
hand, must be _______________.
2.2 Nutrition and Energy Flow
Matter & Energy Flow in Ecosystems
Name some examples of matter (elements) that
cycle through the ecosystem:
Carbon
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Water
Carbon Cycle
Carbon Dioxide: Sources & Sinks
1. BTB is an abbreviation for an indicator
solution called
_________________________
__________________________. When the
color of liquid BTB (in solution with water)
changes from blue to yellow, it indicates that
the solution has become more acidic (so its pH
has gone _______________).
Carbon Dioxide: Sources & Sinks
2. The pH scale ranges from a low of 0 (for the
most ___________________ substances) up to
a high of __________ (for the most alkaline,
or basic, substances).
A pH of seven (7) is considered to be
________________________ because it
contains an equal amount of acidity and
alkalinity.
Carbon Dioxide: Sources & Sinks
3. In water, carbon dioxide (CO2) dissociates to
form an acid and bicarbonate. Therefore, if
CO2 is released into BTB solution, the color of
the liquid will turn _____________________
because the pH went _________________ .
In this case, the treatment involved a source of
CO2.
Carbon Dioxide: Sources & Sinks
4. Conversely, if CO2 is removed from BTB
solution, the color of the liquid will turn
_______________________ because its pH
went _____________.
In this case, the treatment is a model for one
kind of CO2 sink (or reservoir).
Biology
Chapter Three
Communities &
Biomes
3.1 Communities
Learning Objectives:
1. Explain how limiting factors and ranges of
tolerance affect distribution of organisms.
2. Sequence the stages of ecological succession.
3.1 Communities
What is a limiting factor?
• Can be a _______ or ________ factor
• Restricts (one of four things, below) of organisms.
_____________
_____________
_____________
_____________
3.1 Communities
What does it mean to say that an organism has a
large (or wide) range of tolerance?
…small (or narrow) range of tolerance?
What are some examples/characteristics?
3.1 Communities
What is succession?
“Orderly, natural changes and species
replacements that take place in communities
of an ecosystem over time”
Examples?
3.1 Communities
Primary vs. Secondary Succession
Primary succession – New sites are colonized
3.1 Communities
Primary vs. Secondary Succession
Secondary succession – Community
changes after natural disasters or
human actions
Colonization and Pioneers?
…but this isn’t history class!!!!
…or IS IT??!
What do you see -
Primary
or Secondary
Succession?
Possible
pioneer
species?
What is a climax community?
• Stable, mature
• Little change in species
It’s a somewhat outdated idea…but it’s in your
book.
3.2 Biomes
A biome is a large group of ecosystems that
share the same type of ______________
community.
Aquatic vs. Terrestrial
3.2 Biomes
Aquatic: Marine Biomes
– Most biomass of any biome on Earth
– Mostly microscopic organisms
– Amount of sunlight  different zones
• Photic zone – Shallow or clear; lots of plankton
• Aphotic zone – Dark and deep; scarce food
(see National Geographic poster)
3.2 Biomes
Aquatic: Estuaries
• “Coastal body of water, partially surrounded
by land, in which freshwater and saltwater
mix.”
• Variation in salinity
3.2 Biomes
Aquatic: Intertidal Zone
• Changes twice daily (tides)
• What kind of adaptations would intertidal
species have?
3.2 Biomes
Aquatic: Freshwater Biomes
• Lakes, ponds, and wetlands
– Concentric bands of different species of plants and
animals
– Like ocean, also have photic/aphotic zones and a
temperature gradient
3.2 Biomes
Terrestrial Biomes
• Examples?
• What two abiotic factors influence the type of
climax community that forms? (see Fig. 3.11)
– Temperature
– Precipitation
Question: Why are climax communities of plants used
to identify terrestrial biomes, and not animals?
3.2 Biomes
Terrestrial Biomes (see Focus on Biomes, pgs. 78-79)
Two circle the north pole: tundra and taiga
• Tundra
– Treeless
– Long summer days; short daylight during winter
– Permafrost
• Taiga (northern coniferous forest)
– Mixed pine, fir, hemlock, and spruce trees