Download The Development of 19th Century Nationalism

 Extreme
pride and devotion to your
country.
 Dedication to an identification of the
nation-state.
 What drives the development of
nationalism?
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
Revolutions of 1848
Industrialization
Realism
Financial prosperity
 Louis


Napoleon
Merged pop. and conservative ideals with
authoritarian nationalism.
By 1848, all men were allowed to vote and voted for
L.N.

Why?
 Related to uncle, Napoleon Bonaparte
 Tough ruler- shut down Marxism
 Positive approach to politics- end poverty, etc.
 Believed govt. should represent the people- direct
democracy
 Elected

Pres. in 1848 to 4 yr. term.
Wanted 2nd term, but National Assembly said
no.



Seized power with a coup d ‘etat
Had a plebiscite legalize his actions, voted to a 10
yr. term
 Sound familiar?
Later names hereditary emperor, Napoleon III
 Positive
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Strengthened economy
Improved public works projects
Redesigned Paris under Haussmann
Gave workers rights and housing to poor
 Political

changes for France:
Power:
Manipulated the National Assembly to meet his
agenda
 Attempted
to extend the borders of
France for personal gain


Unpopular idea
Believed that popular support was essential,
gave more power back to the N.A to appease
them.

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Supported yet another new constitution- limited his
rights
France became more democratic as a result
 Prior
to 1850, Italy consisted of disunified
city-states

Unification was an interesting idea to many



Guiseppe Mazzini: wanted democracy based on the
will of the people.
Vincenzo Gioberti: Pope for president; federation of
city-states
Sardinian King Victor Emmanuel’s form of
constitutional liberalism was also a thought.
 Cavour
 Garibaldi
 Brilliant
statesman from Sardinia who wanted to
unify N. and Central Italy


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Wanted Austria to give up some N. Italian territory
(Lombardy and Venetia).
Asked France for support should war occur
Austria attacked Sardinia and France bailed


Sardinia won Lombardy and pro-nationalism quickly grew by
1860
A unified northern Italian state soon emerged.

Popular, radical patriot who wanted a totally
unified Italy
Attacked S. Italy (Kingdom of the 2 Sicilies) with
his guerilla red-shirt fighters
 Was told by Cavour not to invade the Papal landsdidn’t want to start conflict with Catholic France
 S. Italy was dominated and soon Garibaldi and King
Victor Emmanuel rode through Naples (Central
Italy) together with cheering people’s support

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Symbolic: Unification of N & S Italy had occurred
By 1870, Italy was ruled by Parliamentary monarchy
under King Victor Emmanuel
Unification in name only- no true democratic changes
 In
1815, 39 German states formed the
German Confederation.

Austro-Hungarian Empire and Prussia were part
of confederation
 Prussia
led the way for the eventual German
unification

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Mainly a German population (nationalism)
Austria-Hungary had ethnic uprisings often
Prussian army was the best in Europe
Berlin (Prussia) mobs forced a liberal constitution
 1861,
King Wilhelm I wanted money for army
improvements- liberal Parliament said no.
 Wilhelm sought the support of the
conservative Junkers (wealthy nobles).
 Wilhelm chose Bismarck, a Junker, as his
Prime Minister.

Bismarck is known for his brilliant use of
“realpolitik” (“the politics of reality”)


Politics without idealism
Declared the he would rule Prussia without the
consent of Parliament.
 King
Wilhelm I
 Bismarck
 “It
is not by means of speeches and majority
resolutions that the greatest issues of the
day will be decided-that was the great
mistake of 1848 and 1849-but by blood and
iron.”
 By
1864, Bismarck made his first attempt and
crafting an empire.


Allied with Austria against Denmark to gain 2
border provinces- Schleswig (Prussian controlled)
and Holstein (Austrian controlled)
Victory increased national pride
 Bismarck
stirred up trouble with the
Austrians over the Holstein.

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Austria declared war on Prussia in 1866
Prussia won the brief war and made fools of
Austria.
Austria lost Venetia (given back to Italy) and
Prussia was able to annex more German land.

Prussia had successfully unified Northern Germany by
1867 (Called N. German Confederation)
 Bismarck
was a master at creating
“incidents” in order to manipulate people
into submission.
 He wanted to unify S. Germany to N.
Germany, but Catholic S. Germany was
terrified of Bismarck and the Protestants in
the N. (Kulturkampf)
 Bismarck accused the French of disrespect of
the Prussian King (lie) and the French
declared war on Prussia (July 19, 1870)
The Prussian army invaded N. France
 French were outmaneuvered at Sedan
 83,000 French prisoners were taken including
Napoleon III
 French finally surrendered by late 1870
 Franco-Prussian War was the last stage of
German unification

S. Germany was swept up by nationalism and
accepted Prussian leadership
 King Wilhelm I was crowned Kaiser (emperor) at
Versailles on January 18, 1871
 The Germans called their empire the 2nd Reich (H.R.E.
being the 1st)

 At
the Congress of Vienna in 1815,
Metternich had worked hard to create a
balance of power within Europe.
 By 1871, Germany and Britain would be the
most powerful countries in Europe.