Download presentation source

Tourism Cycle
Where do we go ?
Tourism Cycle
Butler
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
Involvement
10
Exploration
0
1
Stagnation
Decline or
Rejuvenation
Consolidation
Development
2
3
4
6 - Decline OR Rejuvenation
6A - Decline option
• The competition from other, ‘newer’, ‘more
fashionable’ areas increases
• The absolute numbers of tourists drops and
the psychocentrics left are lower spenders
looking for bargains
6A - Decline
• The attendant property values on tourist
facilities starts to decline (for sale signs,
vacancies abound)
• There is an increase in weekend or day trips
if possible
• Attempts are made to change activities perhaps use of facilities for retirement
living
6A - Decline
• Local involvement begins to grow again
• Corporations leave the area
• The economic base changes and falls in
value - the ‘heyday’ is over
6B - Rejuvenation Option
• This only seems to occur with a complete
makeover
1 Return to the original attraction - clean up
the physical environment and rejuvenate
(upgrade) accommodation and other
facilities
• Stay with local ownership or high-grade outside
ownership
• Intense advertising and marketing
6B - Rejuvenation Option
2 Addition of human-made focus or facilities
• Prime example would be gambling such as that
created in Atlantic City
• Use of previously untapped physical
resource
• Example would be such as older European Spas
now used as facility bases for winter skiing
• New England summer resorts refurbished and
used for winter skiing
• Hot trend - use of environment - Ecotourism
Considerations
• Places may not be able to sustain
rejuvenation
– May end up floating from one activity to
another
• Places may not see a ‘cycle’ progression but
may establish a fixed long-term clientele
• A steady state may develop where a steady
return rate of mass tourists keep coming
back
– Example would be Disneyworld marketing changes and new
developments and playing the nostalgia
card
– A different example would be places
where cost and accessibility are foremost
- such as English seaside resorts
• So the cycle can be held at any stage or
initiated (progression) by determined
planning
• Movement on either axis (time or number of
visitors implies an increase in impacts
• The cycle has a lifespan implicit (the X
axis) but little work has been done on this
aspect
Alternative - Gormensen Model
• Development may come from and be
initiated by - external developers (pro
active)
• The tourist ‘elites’ that are linked to
allocentric behaviour may demand luxury
accommodations and facilities
• Seeing trends and profit potentials,
governments and local populations may
initiate development and keep control
• Factors other than tourism (Butler) may
drive the system
– Style of local culture
– Government considerations
• Butler may be a part (sub-set) of the above
considerations
Individual Decisions
Processes
The Decision Making Process
• The time span for individual decisionmaking varies from individual to individual
– depends on motivation and stimulation as
we have discussed
• If stimulation is not present then the
individual may ignore messages about new
activities or let minor obstacles hinder their
participation
The Decision Making Process
• The complication for understanding the end
result is that individuals also pass through
stages when making decisions
1 - Assessment of Relative Value
• This is an assessment based on how
personally valuable the activity or facility
would be
– link to Maslow - fitness, enjoyment, personal
gain
• Problem is the perception of the activity or
place - is it accurate?
– activity, place, safety, cost
2 - Assessment of Probable
Satisfaction
• The assessment of an activity or place in
relation to another activity or place
• Are the new choices more valuable than the
old
– investment in ‘old’ activities or places
• time - training, knowledge, familiarity
• cost - equipment, training, knowledge of
‘deals’
3 - Assessment of Personal
Suitability
• How comfortable will the individual be
with all aspects of the activity or place?
• Plog - familiarity and adventure, selfconfidence
• How comfortable with re-training and new
experiences (beginning classes may be a
different age range)
4 - Assessment of Feasibility
(Barriers)
• The practical or perceived assessment of the
restrictions on one
– personal (economic, personal
conditioning, age, sex, knowledge of
opportunities, family ties - TIME)
– facility or activity restrictions
(scheduling, daylight, need for other
participants, location)
‘It is a wonder that people
recreate at all’