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Industrial Revolution Background • Change in manufacturing methods 18th C – From wind/water to coal/steam – From work by hand to machine – From home/cottage to factory • Old (1st) – 1750-1870 – first factories, steam, expansion of output of coal, iron Background • New (2nd) – 1870 – ongoing – – new sources of power - electricity, petroleum, atomic – use of science in industry to create artificial (synthetic) products – nylon, plastics – better transportation & communication Background • Renaissance spirit – – – – life in this world material comforts scientific approach Enlightenment – intellectual revolution • Commercial Revolution – European expansion - new markets, vast demand for goods Begins in England • New agricultural methods: – Increased food, population growth – People could afford mfg. goods • Prosperous colonial nation – colonies provided raw materials and markets • Had skilled craftsmen, wealthy capitalists, large # of workers • Had natural resources – coal, iron ore, good harbors Improvements in Textiles • John Kay – flying shuttle – sped up weaving by loom • James Hargreaves – spinning jenny – spun 8 threads at one time • Richard Arkwright – water frame – used water power for spinning • Edmund Cartwright – power loom – used water power for weaving • Eli Whitney (American) – cotton gin & interchangeable parts New Sources of Power • Steam Power (used coal – no longer had to live near water) • James Watt constructed efficient steam engine • Robert Fulton – Steamboat “Clermont” • George Stephenson – Steam locomotive “Rocket” 29 mph! Stephenson’s Rocket Power cont. • Coal – to change water to steam • Iron & Steel – Henry Bessemer developed method to refine iron into steel (stronger) • Electricity – Michael Faraday created electric current • Telegraph – Samuel F.B. Morse (US) Other Advances • Telephone – Alexander Graham Bell (US) • Electric Light Bulb – Thomas Edison (US); phonograph • Marconi – first radio • Television – Vladimir Zworkin (US) Telegraph Telephone Other Advances • Petroleum – Edwin Drake (1859) first oil well • Automobile – Gottlieb Daimler – practical combustion engine (gas) • Henry Ford – mass production, assembly line, Model T • Leads to new industries: oil, rubber, glass, steel, aluminum; gas stations, garages, parking lots, motels, highways Other Advances • Louis Pasteur – germ theory; heated milk to kill bacteria; pasteurization • Joseph Lister – antiseptics in hospitals, surgery • Mendel – science of genetics • Marie and Pierre Curie – discovered radioactivity (radium) • Freud – father of psychoanalysis Model T 1908 Model T 1915 Model T 1925 Other Advances • Airplane – 1903 Wilbur and Orville Wright flew for less than one minute • Diesel – Rudolf Diesel – less expensive than gasoline • Later natural gas, solar, atomic Social Impact • Rapid growth of cities • Deplorable, crowded filthy conditions in the cities • Rise of industrial middle class (bourgeoisie) • Included professionals & factory owners; craftsmen • Laissez faire economics – government stays out of business (Adam Smith) Working Class • 12-16 hour work days; 6 days per week • No minimum wage, job security • Dangerous machinery, cold, dirty • Coal mines particularly dangerous • Women and children worked – could pay them less • Factory conditions – dirty, dangerous • No protection, minimum wage Some overall effects IR • • • • • • • Factory system Mass production Assembly line Capitalism based on laissez faire Rise of middle class/working class New products, inventions Higher standard of living; pop. Reaction & Reforms • Children suffered abuse, injuries • Loss of childhood, education • Factory Act 1833 – set 9 as the minimum age for children; 8 hour days (9-13), 12 hour days (13-18) • Led to men becoming main wage earners Socialism • Utopian Socialists – believed in equality; replace competition with cooperation • Robert Owen – New Lanark (Scotland), New Harmony (Indiana) ; failed • Socialism – The Communist Manifesto, by Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels Socialism cont. • Saw capitalism as the cause of horrible factory conditions • Class struggle between oppressor and oppressed (owners vs. workers) • Bourgeoisie (middle class) vs. proletariat (working class) • Saw factory owners as the oppressors Socialism cont. • Ultimate goal was a classless society • Socialist groups grew • Beginnings of labor unions demanding better working conditions in factories