Download File - bakersfield college

Chapter 10
Gender
Issues of Sex and Gender
• Sex – Biological Characteristics
• Female and Male
• Primary and Secondary Sexual
Characteristics
• Gender - Social Characteristics
• Masculinity and Femininity
• Appropriate Behavior
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Issues of Sex and Gender
• Gender Stratification- Refers to women
and men’s unequal access to power,
prestige, and property
• Gender – A cross-cutting master status
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Gender Differences In Behavior:
Biology or Culture?
• Dominant Position in Sociology
– Social Factors Primary, Not Biological
– If Biological, Should Be Less Variation
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Gender Differences In Behavior:
Biology or Culture?
• The case of Jan Morris (aka James
Morris)
Conundrum (1974).
New York: Harcourt
and Brace.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Gender Differences In Behavior:
Biology or Culture?
• Opening the Door to Biology
– A Medical Accident
– Vietnam Veterans Study
• Researchers found boys and men who have higher
levels of testosterone tend to be more aggressive
- Alice Rossi: Women are better prepared
biologically for “mothering” than are men;
nature provides biological predispositions that
are overlaid with culture
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Gender and Inequality in Global
Perspective
• How Females became a Minority Group
The main sociological theory explaining the origin of
patriarchy—men dominating society—centers on
reproduction.
1. As a result of pregnancy and breast-feeding, women
assumed the tasks associated with the home and child care.
2. Men took over tasks such as hunting, which allowed them to
make contact with other tribes. Male prestige resulted from
their accumulation of possessions through trade and war with
other groups. Superior weapons, possessions and
knowledge, assured they had social power over women.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Violence Against Women
• A global human rights issue is violence
against women.
• Historical examples include foot binding in
China, witch burning in Europe, honor
killings, and suttee (burning the living
widow with the body of her dead husband)
in India.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Gender Inequality in the U.S.
• Fighting Back: The Rise of Feminism
First Wave (early 1900s). Consisted of
radical and conservative branches. By 1920s,
women gained right to vote.
Second Wave (began 1960s). Broad changes
ranging from work roles to violence against women.
Third Wave (recent development). Greater focus on
women in least developed societies, a criticism of
values dominating workplace, and emphasis on
women’s sexual pleasure
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Gender Inequality in the U.S.
• Gender Inequality in Education
– The Past
– The Change: Women now are the majority of
college students as well as degree recipients
– Gender Tracking: College degrees continue to
follow gender, with males and females being
concentrated in certain majors
– Graduate School and Beyond: Women presently
make 45% of graduate program students
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Changes in College Enrollment, by Sex
Women are presently the majority of college
students at 57%
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
College Students, by Sex and Race-Ethnicity
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Gender Changes in Professional Degrees
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Gender Inequality in the Workplace
• The Pay Gap
– Historical Background
– Geographical Factors
– The “Testosterone Bonus”
– Reasons for the Gender Pay Gap
– The CEO Gap
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Gender Inequality in the Workplace
• Is the Glass Ceiling Cracking?
– The Women Who Break Through
– And the Future?
• Sexual Harassment—and Worse
• In U.S., women paid $700,000 less over
course of lifetime than males
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Gender Inequality in the Workplace
• The “Glass Ceiling”: An invisible barrier
faced by women trying to reach executive
status
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Women’s and Men’s Proportion of the U.S. Labor Force
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Women in the Workforce
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Gender Pay Gap, by Education
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Gender Gap over Time: What Percentage of Men’s Income Do Women Earn?
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Gender and Violence
• Violence Against Women
– Rape
– Date (Acquaintance) Rape
– Murder
– Violence in the Home
– Feminism and Gendered Violence
– Solutions
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
In U.S., 1 out of 1000 women between
ages of 12-50 are raped
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Killers and Their Victims
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Changing Face of Politics
• Women Majority in Population
• Women Underrepresented in Government
• Women Underrepresented in Law and
Business Careers
• More women are becoming corporate
executives & lawyers
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Glimpsing the Future - With Hope
• Barriers Coming Down
– Stereotypes that limit females to “feminine”
activities & males to “masculine” ones
• Activities Degendered
• New Consciousness
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.