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Coast al algal Locati Data sheet inside for you to record algal blooms sightings and add to online database on of Region Bloom (e.g. Bramb le Bay, bloom s data Noosa River) sheet Please goto entert www.a hisdat lgalblo Bloom ainto oms.o sregis theCo rgto morea tryand astalA bouta helpu lgal lgalblo slearn Detail omsin s Intens SEQ. ity(per 0-non centag e 1-ligh epresent of substr ate/sea 2-me tcoverage(1 grass covere 3-den diumc -10%) d by overag secov 4-ver erage algae) e(11-4 ption ydens (41-70 0%) ecove %) rage(7 1-100% Bloom Locati on/Ne arbyL andma rks(e.g . next to jetty, end of Smith St) Descri ) Latitud e Longit ude Take Use your GPS field. Alterna or smartp hone autom tively, the online to get atically this inform when registr your some ation y will locatio photo n is pinpoienter this while in the s to upload inform nted ation to the on a map. Coast al Algal Bloom s registr y (Provide any relevan and thallus and identify morpho t informa tion about logy the species (see • origin the page 8). Use algae and • nearby of the bloom . Other the the bloom useful (e.g. • evidenc environ informa species nearby such mental guide tion e of actions disturb as colour river (pages mouth) to note: ance 9-13) taken or impacts to try (e.g. bulldoz (e.g. ximate ing, signage stormw areaa ater drain, Additi ) ffected onal fish kill) (squar Appro comm ents e meters ) 14 ld us e in t h e f ie fo r A FIELD GUIDE rp ate roo f Coastal Algal Blooms of South East Queensland w South East Queensland Healthy Waterways Partnership Coastal Algal Blooms of South East Queensland A FIELD GUIDE South East Queensland Healthy Waterways Partnership Using this guide The coastal waters of South East Queensland provide important habitat for many species of cyanobacteria and algae which in turn provide food and habitat for many invertebrate and vertebrate animals. However, the delivery of high nutrient loads into estuaries and enclosed bays may stimulate the rapid and unabated growth of some cyanobacterial and/or algal species, resulting in the formation of blooms. These blooms are harmful to the marine ecosystem and humans who depend on it. This guide has been written to help you identify cyanobacterial and algal blooms in the coastal environments of South East Queensland. It contains a brief overview of the different bloom-forming species you are likely to encounter, including those which may be toxic; and algal drifts which are often mistaken for algal blooms. Underlined words are defined in the glossary on the following page. The list of bloom-forming species and locations in this brochure is incomplete, and there is the possibility for species and bloom locations to differ to those reported here. This is particularly relevant for red algal species, with only one species known to bloom in South East Queensland, compared to several red algal species forming blooms on New South Wales coasts. We strongly encourage you to use the data sheet at the back of the guide to gather information on algal blooms while out enjoying the beaches and waterways of South East Queensland. Also included is information on whom to contact in the event of a major algal bloom. Any data you gather can then be entered into the online Healthy Waterways Coastal Algal Blooms registry (www.algalblooms.org) so that we can keep a record of algal blooms in the region. This information will be invaluable to local scientists by greatly improving their understanding of the where and why of algal blooms. By enhancing our understanding, we will be better positioned to make informed decisions and manage our coastal environments. sheet s data bloom algal Coastal Bloom ion of Bramb Locat n(e.g. Regio le Bay, Noosa River) g. next rks(e. andma arbyL on/Ne Locati to jetty, end of Smith .orgto looms algalb Algal www. oastal goto theC Please tainto slearn hisda helpu . entert tryand inSEQ sregis ooms Bloom lgalbl bouta morea d by algae) 0%) covere (41-7 %) agrass verage 1-100 ate/se nseco s rage(7 substr 3-de ge of Detail ecove rcenta ydens Bloom ity(pe 4-ver Intens nepresent -10%) 0-no rage(1 40%) tcove e(111-ligh overag diumc 2-me iption Descr Key to symbols Symbols have been used in the species descriptions to highlight key characteristics. Harmful to touch/breathe Species are harmful to humans and wildlife. Avoid all contact and contact your local council immediately. Bloom species Species grow rapidly and unabated in response to increased nutrient levels and favourable growth conditions. Drift species Species form large drifting rafts which may be deposited on beaches by currents and waves. Microscopic view of filaments An illustration of the thallus as viewed under a microscope. St) colour such as to try bloom 9-13) and the (pages guide the algae tion about the speciesnote: t informa page 8). Use tion to fish kill) relevan informa ater drain, e any logy (see useful (Provid morpho . Other river mouth) s (e.g. stormw and thallus the species (e.g. nearby ) or impact ance signage bloom and identify disturb bulldozing, of the • origin environmentaltaken (e.g. • nearby e of actions s) • evidenc re meter (squa ffected e Latitud in the while ation ation this inform this inform ude to get enter hone y will a map. smartp registr nted on ry GPS or online s regist n is pinpoi Use your atively, the Bloom Altern your locatio al Algal field. when Coast atically d to the autom s to uploa photo some Longit areaa ximate Appro ents onal comm Additi 14 Take 4 Glossary of terms algae – a general term applied to aquatic, photosynthetic organisms of simple construction (unicells to fronds) with primitive reproductive organs apex – growing tip of a thallus or a thallus branch blooms – excessive growth of one to a few fast-growing, environmentally-tolerant species which outcompete other cyanobacterial or algal species to exploit the environmental conditions associated with nutrient enrichment. Blooms of algae and cyanbacteria have increased in last 5 decades due to the impacts of human-induced disturbances chlorophyll – green pigment found in all photosynthetic organisms, sometimes concealed by other pigments such as the red pigment in the red algae colony or colonial growth form – many cells of similar form and function loosely grouped together cyanobacteria – unicellular or filamentous organisms that, like other bacteria, lack membranes enveloping their internal cellular structures. Also incorrectly known as bluegreen algae due to their pigment composition and ability to photosynthesise invertebrate – animals lacking a backbone drifts – accumulations of between 10 and 50 species of algae and cyanobacteria which have been dislodged from the substrate following storm activity photosynthesis – process that uses solar energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars and oxygen. Occurs in terrestrial and aquatic plants, algae and cyanobacteria. epiphyte – an organism that attaches to and grows upon a living plant while remaining independent of it except for support. phycocyanin – blue photosynthetic pigment found in cyanobacteria and some algal groups filamentous – long thread-like structure, of fairly uniform diameter, either unbranched (resembling human hair) or branched flagella – hair-like extensions from cells which beat to propel the cell through water fucoxanthin – brown photosynthetic pigment found in brown algae, diatoms and some other phytoplankton groups nonmotile – not capable of movement, stationary peridinin – red photosynthetic pigment found in dinoflagellates phycoerythrin – red photosynthetic pigment found in cyanobacteria, red and some other algal groups phytoplankton – microscopic, photosynthetic organisms which float or drift in the water column thallus – simple body or growth form of algae and cyanobacteria vertebrate – animals which have backbones 5 Marine cyanobacteria and algae Cyanobacteria and algae are a large group of photosynthetic organisms which have evolved in aquatic environments over the last 3 billion years. Unlike terrestrial plants which evolved from a common, green algal ancestor, cyanobacteria and algae share no common ancestor and therefore, from an evolutionary viewpoint, are not related. This unrelatedness is reflected in their classification into four of the six Kingdoms of Life on Earth: cyanobacteria (Bacteria); red and green algae (Plantae), euglenoids and dinoflagellates (Protozoa) and the brown algae, diatoms and several other major groups (Chromista). Cyanobacteria and algae play an important role in marine ecosystems: underpinning food webs including those supporting commercial fisheries; contributing to global biogeochemical (carbon, nitrogen, sulphur) cycles; stabilising sediments to improve water quality and providing habitat for many invertebrate species. Marine cyanobacteria and algae also remove large amounts of carbon dioxide from seawater. Globally, there are approximately 34 000 described species of cyanobacteria and algae, but this number can be expected increase to around 350 000 species once undiscovered species are documented. Types of algae Green algae (Phylum Chlorophyta) Cyanobacteria Cyanobacteria are unicellular or filamentous organisms that, like other bacteria, lack membranes around their internal cellular structures. Their popular (although scientifically inaccurate) name, blue green algae, refers to the green (chlorophyll) and blue (phycocyanin) pigments in their cells, although some species contain the red pigment phycoerythrin. Unlike algae, cyanobacteria can use nitrogen from the atmosphere, permitting them to thrive in nitrogen-limited waters. Green seaweeds have a variety of growth forms which include filamentous, tubular, sheet-, net- or frondlike thalli. Families are differentiated by the organisation of their cells which are either microscopic or larger (to 1 mm long) or form single cell filaments to 10 cm long or single celled plants to a metre long. Queensland Museum Queensland Museum Red algae (Phylum Rhodophyta) Brown algae (Phylum Phaeophyta) The red pigment, phycoerythrin, distinguishes this group of algae which can range in colour from pink to iridescent magenta. Red seaweeds exhibit a stunning range of forms including unbranched and branched filaments, netlikesheets, crusts, calcified, branched fronds and delicate, fleshy, gelatinous or leathery fronds. Brown seaweeds contain the brown pigment, fucoxanthin, as well as chlorophyll and vary in form from small filaments to tubes to large leathery kelps several metres in length. Large brown algae form complex communities on rocky coasts worldwide including Sargassum communities which are found locally. Queensland Museum Queensland Museum 6 Algal drifts and blooms Large accumulations of cyanobacteria and algae can result from either drifts or blooms. Drifts During storms and windy periods, cyanobacteria and macroalgae may be ripped from the rocks, seagrasses and other structures on which they grow. These unattached thalli drift in the sea until they are stranded in shallow water and on the shore. Algal drifts are typically comprised of 10 to 50 species of green, red and brown seaweeds of different growth forms including large frondose or leathery species. In contrast, algal blooms are dominated by one or two filamentous or sheet-like species. Algal drifts are made up of many different species SEQHWP A bloom of the brown alga, Hincksia sordida Blooms High levels of the nutrients, nitrogen and phosphorus, may trigger algal blooms. Some blooms are natural events such as phytoplankton blooms, fuelled by the episodic upwelling of nutrient-rich water from the ocean floor into the well lit surface waters. However, other blooms, which have increased in intensity and frequency over the last five decades are attributed to human-related activities. Altered land use practices in catchments, development in the coastal zone, groundwater seepage and sewer and stormwater discharges have increased nutrient loading into estuaries and bays, causing excessive algal growth. All blooms cause environmental degradation by depleting dissolved oxygen to levels too low for the survival of fish and aquatic invertebrates, disrupting marine food webs, altering marine community structure and decreasing biodiversity caused by the loss of organisms unable to tolerate bloom conditions. Many slow growing algal species (eg Sargassum species) are lost from habitats experiencing high nutrient loading and blooms. Some bloom-forming species are toxic to humans or other animals, causing skin conditions, asthma-like symptoms, diarrhoea, and in extreme cases, death. Kate Moore Relatively few cyanobacterial and algal species form blooms. Most bloom-forming species are characterised by high nutrient uptake rates and high growth rates due to their filamentous and sheet-life growth forms. These species are tolerant of varying and often extreme environments associated with the bloom, including dramatic fluctuations in nutrient levels, pH, and turbidity, low dissolved oxygen levels from the degradation of organic matter and high levels of hydrogen sulphide, ammonia and other toxic metabolites. Being an ancient life form on Earth, cyanobacteria evolved in extreme and fluctuating environments, and now often become the unchallenged, dominant organisms in polluted environments. 7 Distinguishing characteristics for bloom-forming species Bloom-forming species of cyanobacteria and algae can be identified by different characteristics. Differences in colour and morphology are visible to the naked eye, but many cell and reproductive characteristics on which species identifications are based require microscopic examination. Colour The red, brown and green colour is the first characteristic used for the identification of cyanobacteria and algae. It is reliable and identifiable but care must be taken with some cyanobacteria and red algae which may resemble a brown alga when sunlight degrades the red pigment, phycoerythrin, to a brown colour. Algae stranded and dehydrating on the shore should never be used for identification as the dominant pigment often degrades to reveal the underlying chlorophyll pigment before it also degrades. Thallus morphology The ‘thallus’ is the relatively simple body or growth form of a cyanobacterium or alga. Algae exhibit an enormous diversity in morphology, but bloom-forming species typically have either a sheet-like (1) or filamentous thallus (2-6). Filamentous thalli Filaments may be unbranched or threadlike (2) or branched (3-6). large thalli, produced during blooms, detach and are fragmented by waves. Without a microscope it is often difficult to determine whether thalli of fine filaments are a mass of tangled unbranched filaments or branched filaments. Cyanobacterial and algal thalli are composed of cells which can only be seen under a microscope. Various species have filaments composed of either a single row or many rows of cells. Sheet-like thalli of Ulva species are composed of two layers of similar looking cells. Branched filaments Branching patterns are varied and can include: • many branches from all sides of the main axes (3) • branched at long intervals (4) • repeatedly forked into two equal branches (5) • with branches mostly from one side of the main axes (6). Morphology is a less reliable character when Cell structure Reproductive structures The different cyanobacterial and algal groups reproduce in different ways and the structures they produce can be used to further differentiate species. However, microscopic examination is necessary to visualise the reproductive structures and therefore will not be discussed in this brochure. Thallus morphology Sheet-like thallus 1 Filamentous thalli Unbranched 2 3 Branched 4 5 6 8 Cyanobacteria Lyngbya majuscula Caloundra Lyngbya majuscula bloom locations in South East Queensland from 2002-2007 common name: fireweed, mermaids hair features: forms red to brown unbranched tangled masses of fine (~ 50 µm) filaments 10-30 cm long, Kathleen Ahern resembling a tangled mass of long straight human hair. Bribie Island Moreton Island Redcliffe habitat: common in seagrass communities in sheltered estuaries and bays, growing either as benthic mats, as an epiphyte on seagrass leaves or detaching and drifting in the water column within seagrass communities or unvegetated areas. Harmful to touch/breathe common name: sea sawdust features: reddish brown, unbranched, fine (~ 10 µm) filaments to 0.5 mm long typically aggregated into larger clumps, millimetres in diameter. Kathleen Ahern habitat: aggregrated clumps float on the water surface, superficially resembling sawdust; single and smaller bundles of filaments can be just visible suspended in the water column. Brisbane Manly blooms: Pumicestone Passage, Deception Bay, Eastern Banks and Canaipa Passage. warning: touching Lyngbya majuscula filaments releases toxins which destroy skin cells, and can cause intense pain around the affected region and skin ulcers which require medical attention. Inhaling the air around dried can cause asthma-like symptoms. Trichodesmium (Oscillatoria) sp. Victoria Point North Stradbroke Island Beenleigh 0 Bloom species 10 20 30 Jacobs Well Kilometres Drift species blooms: aggregated clumps of this tropical species are transported into southern Queensland waters by the southward-flowing East Australian Current to cover large areas of the sea from Noosa south along waveexposed coasts (Point Cartwright, Caloundra). This species enters Moreton Bay via the wide northern opening and South Passage and has been recorded from Scarborough, Brighton, Wynnum, Wellington Point, Eastern Banks and Peel Island. Microscopic view of filaments 9 Red algae Brown algae Asparagopsis taxiformis Laurencia spp. common name: iodine weed features: densely tufted plants, 0.5-2 cm tall forming a turf of branched filaments 40-60 µm in diameter. Julie Phillips A. taxiformis can also be found growing as a large (10-30cm), red plume, and is the alternate stage in the life cycle to the turf form. habitat: on rocky shores in Moreton Bay and adjacent, wave exposed coasts. blooms: known from the Maroochy River and Caloundra in late summmer/early autumn. Harmful to touch/breathe Ectocarpus fasciculatus common name: none features: thallus erect to 20 cm high or forming turfs, with many cylindrical or compressed branches 0.5-4 mm in diameter. Branch Queensland Museum tips are truncated and have a pit bearing protruding colourless hairs, a characteristic of the genus. More than 20 species of Laurencia occur in South East Queensland. habitat: common in the mid to lower intertidal to subtidal zones in sheltered to wave exposed coasts. These common species are often found in drifts. Bloom species Drift species common name: none features: thalli usually small to 5 cm long, growing to 50 cm long during blooms; main filaments well developed, sparsely Queensland Museum branched near the base and much branched in the upper thallus with the lateral branches arising in series from one side of the main filament; filaments 25-40 µm in diameter. habitat: epiphytic on larger macroalgae or seagrasses growing in sheltered to wave swept habitats. blooms: in winter and spring in Pumicestone Passage and Moreton Bay Microscopic view of filaments 10 Brown algae continued Hincksia mitchelliae habitat: epiphytic on larger macroalgae or seagrasses in calm sheltered estuaries and bays. common name: none features: thallus medium to dark brown, usually to 10 cm long but longer in nutrient rich habitats, with much branched Julie Phillips filaments. Filaments 30-60 µm near thallus base tapering 20-30 µm towards the thallus apex. blooms: small fragments ~ 5 cm long occurred in spring and early summer of 2002-2005 at Main Beach, Noosa and north to Fraser Island, with wave action depositing large masses along the beaches. Large thalli of this species grow during winter at Cleveland, Victoria Point and possibly at other localities in southern Moreton Bay. habitat: sheltered to wave swept rocky shores. Colpomenia sinuosa blooms: recorded once, during winter in Pumicestone Passage. features: thalli appear as globular, convoluted, hollow, thin sacs 2-25 cm in diameter broadly Queensland Museum attached to rocks. Known in other countries to grow attached to oysters, with detached large air-filled thalli floating away with the oyster. Hincksia sordida common name: none features: small to large thalli to 100 cm long forming loose tangled masses, composed of sparsely-branched filaments 30-50 µm in diameter. common name: oyster thief habitat: sheltered to wave exposed rocks. blooms: in Gold Coast estuaries, periodically washed out and fragmented by the surf into brown flakes commonly referred to as ‘cornflakes’ by swimmers. Sargassum spp. common name: none features: thallus leathery, to 50 cm or more high, composed of one to several thick (0.5-1 cm) main axes (‘stems’) bearing lateral branches, Chris Roelfsema leaf-like structures, vesicles (floats) and receptacles (reproductive structures). habitat: lower intertidal and subtidal zones on wave exposed and sheltered rocky shores; common species in drifts and indicator of lownutrient waters. Queensland Museum Harmful to touch/breathe Bloom species Drift species Microscopic view of filaments 11 Green algae Ulva rigida and Ulva lactuca Ulva paradoxa (formerly Enteromorpha paradoxa) Common name: sea lettuce habitat: sheltered and wave swept rocky shores or floating in very sheltered areas in Moreton Bay. Harmful to touch/breathe common name: none common name: none features: thin sheetlike individual fronds or tufts resembling lettuce leaves, 20-50 mm in height, although Queensland Museum larger plants may occur particularly during blooms. blooms: in winter. Cladophora prolifera features: light green, very slender, soft, branched, tubular thallus, 2-20 cm long, Julie Phillips main branches 50-200 µm wide with younger branches 20-50 µm wide. habitat: attached to firm substrata, epiphytic on seagrasses or loose lying in calm areas. blooms: in Hervey Bay during spring and summer. Bloom species Drift species features: dark green, firm, much branched, dense spreading tufts to 15 cm high with branches 350-450 µm wide near the base www.worldwidereefers.com tapering to 100-220 µm wide near the plant growing tip or apex. habitat: attached to rocks or loose lying in calm areas. blooms: on the west coast of South Stradbroke Island. Microscopic view of filaments 12 Phytoplankton and seagrasses There are other organisms that can accumulate and wash ashore in large masses (seagrasses) or can form blooms which give the water a distinctive colour (phytoplankton). Phytoplankton Phytoplankton are microscopic (5-200 µm), photosynthetic, single cells or groups of cells (colonies) that float or swim in aquatic environments. Phytoplankton blooms colour the seawater red, brown or green but with no obvious structures (eg filaments) visible. There are several groups of phytoplankton including diatoms, dinoflagellates and euglenoids which have formed blooms in South East Queensland. Some phytoplankton species produce toxins which have caused human deaths elsewhere in the world (eg Canada) and fish kills both in Australia and other continents. Diatoms (Phylum Bacillariophyta) Diatoms which are the most common group in the phytoplankton are composed of nonmotile single cells or a chain-like group of cells (colonies). Cells are symmetrical (either centric or bilateral), and have an outer skeleton made of silica and contain the brown pigment fucoxanthin. The centric diatoms Harmful to touch/breathe Thalassiosira weisflogii and Melosira moniloformis have bloomed in local estuaries in response to increased nutrient loads. Surf diatoms (Anaulus australis) colour the surf brown along sand Deb Gale beaches in South East Queensland. These are natural blooms of diatoms which live in the sand during the night and surf the waves during the day. Dinoflagellates (Phylum Dinophtya) Dinoflagellates are mostly unicellular with two flagella, with some species known to form chain-like colonies. Julie Phillips Most photosynthetic dinoflagellates contain the red pigment peridinin but some species contain either the brown pigment fucoxanthin or chlorophyll as the dominant pigment. Dinoflagellates are the most common bloom-forming phytoplankton in the marine environment with some species toxic to humans, fish and invertebrates. Bloom species Drift species Euglenoids (Phylum Euglenophyta) Euglenoids are unicellular flagellates which contain chlorophyll as the dominant photosynthetic pigment. These blooms colour the Julie Phillips water green. Eutrepiella blooms in coastal lakes in the South East Queensland and Euglena colours sand green on beaches along the Cooloola coast. Seagrasses Seagrasses are the only flowering plants (Kingdom Plantae) adapted to living completely submerged in the marine environment. Queensland Museum Seagrasses have retained the structures typical of land plants: roots, stems, leaves with veins containing vascular tissue, flowers and seeds. Unlike the majority of macroalgae which attach to rocks, seagrasses use roots and underground stems to anchor themselves into mud and sand. Following storm events, large masses of seagrass leaves can wash up and decompose on coastal beaches and shorelines. 13 Please go to www.algalblooms.org to enter this data into the Coastal Algal Blooms registry and help us learn more about algal blooms in SEQ. Coastal algal blooms data sheet Location of Bloom Region (e.g. Bramble Bay, Noosa River) Location/Nearby Landmarks (e.g. next to jetty, end of Smith St) Bloom Details Intensity (percentage of substrate/seagrass covered by algae) 0 - none present 3 - dense coverage (41-70%) 1 - light coverage (1-10%) 4 - very dense coverage (71-100%) 2 - medium coverage (11-40%) Description (Provide any relevant information about the algae and the bloom such as colour and thallus morphology (see page 8). Use the species guide (pages 9-13) to try and identify the species. Other useful information to note: • origin of the bloom (e.g. nearby river mouth) • nearby environmental disturbance or impacts (e.g. stormwater drain, fish kill) • evidence of actions taken (e.g. bulldozing, signage) Approximate area affected (square meters) Latitude Longitude Use your GPS or smartphone to get this information while in the field. Alternatively, the online registry will enter this information automatically when your location is pinpointed on a map. Additional comments Take some photos to upload to the Coastal Algal Blooms registry 14 Key contacts If you find any large algal blooms, record location and details of the bloom then contact the Department of Environment and Resource Management or your local council: Department of Environment and Resource Management DERM Pollution Hotline Phone: 1300 130 372 Brisbane City Council Main Call Centre Phone: (07) 3403 8888 Gold Coast City Council Catchment Management Unit Phone: (07) 5581 6722 Logan City Council Environment and Sustainability Branch Phone: (07) 3412 3412 A database of coastal algal blooms in South East Queensland can be accessed at www.algalblooms.org. Moreton Bay Regional Council Senior Environmental Planner (Catchments) Phone: (07) 5433 2406 For information on coastal algal blooms and their management in Queensland, visit the Department of Environment and Resource Management website at www.derm.qld.gov.au/water/blue_green/cab. Redland City Council Adviser, Environmental Management Phone: (07) 3829 8999 Sunshine Coast Regional Council Waterways Operations Teamleader Phone: (07) 5475 7272 For more information on Healthy Waterways, go to www.healthywaterways.org or phone (07) 3123 1682. Acknowledgements We acknowledge the Department of Environment and Resource Management within the Queensland Government for funding this project. We would like to thank the following people for their contributions to this guide: Mara Wolkenhauer (Healthy Waterways), Kirstin Pratt (DERM), Julie Phillips, Kate Moore and the Queensland Museum, Kathleen Ahern, Deb Gale and Chris Roelfsema for their photographs. Front cover: Lyngbya majuscula bloom in Deception Bay, Kathleen Ahern © South East Queensland Healthy Waterways Partnership 2010. This publication may be used for research, individual study and educational purposes. Properly acknowledged quotations may be made but queries regarding the republication of any material should be addressed to the Partnership.15 South East Queensland Healthy Waterways Partnership PO Box 13086, George St, Brisbane, QLD 4003 Phone: (07) 3123 1682 Fax: (07) 3103 4573 www.healthywaterways.org 18