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Rhetoric
Content
1. Choose your audience and speak to it
If you were writing for a person who knows just what
you know, you wouldn’t have to be writing.
Imagine a reader who is a moderately knowledgeable
computer sciences sophomore.
Ask yourself “How much explanation must I offer my
imaginary reader?”. Keep adding details until you
believe your reader would be comfortable.
If in doubt, err on the side of too much explanation.
Content
2. Don’t overstate
Be careful with universals. “Everybody knows p”
means “There exists no one who does not know
p”. It does not mean “Several friends say p”.
Test yourself on your claims: ask yourself “How do
I justify that?”.
Modify them until you feel comfortable that what
you said is what you can justify if challenged – but
guarantee that by challenging yourself.
Overstatements
• Every time a robot is invented, everyone
becomes extremely interested and
curious.
Overstatements
• Technology continues to be an
overwhelming presence in today’s world
with Americans’ daily use of the internet
and the personal computer.
Making an Argument
• Worst:
“Robots will never be conscious, intelligent beings.”
Making an Argument
• Equally bad:
“I don’t think that robots will ever be conscious,
intelligent beings.”
Making an Argument
• Not actually much better:
“Robots will never be conscious, intelligent beings
because they aren’t like us.”
Making an Argument
• Only a very tiny bit better:
“Robots will never be conscious, intelligent beings
because they are purely digital while the neurons in our
brains are also influenced by hormones and other
chemicals in their environment.”
Making an Argument
• Only better for particular audiences:
“Robots will never be conscious, intelligent beings
because <Oracle I believe in> says that people are
special.”
Making an Argument
• Not much better:
“Robots will never be conscious, intelligent beings
because they only do what they’re programmed to do.”
Making an Argument
• Slightly better:
“Robots will never be conscious, intelligent beings
because they don’t perceive and act in the world.”
Making an Argument
• Much better:
“Conscious, intelligent behavior appears to require the
ability to do all of the following things:
• Balance conflicting goals.
• Perceive and interact with the world.
• Learn from experience.
• Apply a massive amount of knowledge to solve
problems in real time.
So it is unlikely that robots will be able to act like
conscious, intelligent beings until they too can do these
things.”
Paper and Paragraph Structure
Sentences
Written and Spoken Language
• Talking came (way) first.
Written and Spoken Language
• Talking came (way) first.
• Writing captures speech for later. So read your paper
out loud to yourself. If it sounds bad, it probably is bad.
Written and Spoken Language
• Talking came (way) first.
• Writing captures speech for later. So read your
paper out loud to yourself. If it sounds bad, it
probably is bad.
• But there are a few differences.
Clunky Sentence Structure
• As always, that which is unknown is the
most frightening.
Clunky Sentence Structure
• The unique choice for a flute as an
instrument was because …
Clunky Sentence Structure
• Another important representative in the
saga over artificial intelligence in ancient
mythology is Hephaestus.
Clunky Sentence Structure
• You must first take a closer look at each
individual law separately and from
numerous amount of angles. One
particular angle that opens up a vast array
of uncertainty is …
Clunky Sentence Structure
• Therefore intelligence comes with the
capability of fairly accurately predicting the
consequences of a given action whether
desired or undesired.
Clunky Sentence Structure
• The issue with rationing is the possibility of
a black market to surge.
Clunky Sentence Structure
• Even animals such as snakes will learn
over time as to which animals are
desirable to eat, and will be given no
example from those of their same species
to follow.
Vocabulary
• Man has always shown an unprecedented
desire to advance our tools.
Vocabulary
• Our way of life, so heavily relied upon
technology, portrays the stark contrast to
the days of manual labor.
Vocabulary
• Using that definition one can acquire that a
robot is made to simulate real behavior.
Vocabulary
• Using that definition one can acquire that a
robot is made to simulate real behavior.
Vocabulary
• The rest of the brain comprises the basics
of a complex living organism.
Vocabulary
• Deep Blue portrays not an actual machine
that learns to play chess, but instead is
another plain object which carries the
capacity of programming.
Vocabulary
• … extremely unique …
Vocabulary
• ... desire to fulfill a sense of loneliness …
Subcategorization Rules
• … sensory predictions on what the door
should be like
Subcategorization Rules
• Almost destroyed, it could do nothing to
counteract against the onslaught.
Subcategorization Rules
• We create concepts to gain common
sense on what will happen if …
Subcategorization Rules
• It may not be adequate as justification to
certain ideas.
Pronouns and Antecedents
• When the receiver obtains it, they would
send it to the government.
Reduced Relative Clauses
• This first situation presented brings up
many …
Quantifiers and Negation
• Robots can only walk on even surfaces.
Dangling Modifiers
• Zuse realizes the technology will
eventually become an artificial brain in
1938.
Dangling Modifiers
• One has to calculate the ball’s trajectory
when it reaches the arm, involving a set of
mathematical equations.
Dangling Modifiers
• The next two examples are creations of
Jacques de Vaucanson, which took on
unique features to fool humans.
Dangling Modifiers
• The second law will conflict when multiple
orders are given to a robot by different
people that are contrasting.
Dangling Modifiers
• The stereotype of the crazed, mad
scientist secretly working in their
laboratory on a creation that could be
dangerous to all has also become a fixture
of pop culture, which may have started
with Frankenstein’s story.
Dangling Modifiers
• Much the same occurs with all mammals
and birds who are raised by their parents.
Parallel Structure
• Therefore to achieve intelligence, one
must not just be able to change behavior,
but create concepts that will allow for the
being to analyze and relatively efficiently
handle new challenges.
Parallel Structure
• This robot stood at five and a half feet tall,
made out of wood, and painted white to
simulate marble.
Which, That, Who
• It represents the thoughts of so many
current conservatives that currently live in
the world.
Which, That, Who
• … such as the mechanical duck which
could simply digest food.
Which, That, Who
• These robots are given the three laws
which they must abide by.
Which, That, Who
• It is ingrained that things, which are
unfamiliar, in most cases can be
dangerous.
Split Infinitives
• The robots of the movie industry need to
only stay in the movie industry and never
arrive in the world of the real.
Split Infinitives
• … because it is programmed to never kill a
human.
Eats, Shoots and Leaves
Eats, Shoots and Leaves
A panda walks into a café. He orders a sandwich, eats
it, then draws a gun and fires two shots in the air.
"Why?" asks the confused waiter, as the panda makes
towards the exit. The panda produces a badly
punctuated wildlife manual and tosses it over his
shoulder.
"I'm a panda," he says at the door. "Look it up.“
The waiter turns to the relevant entry and, sure enough,
finds an explanation.
"Panda. Large black-and-white bear-like mammal,
native to China. Eats, shoots and leaves."
Commas
• In order to do this his goal was …
Commas
• They are developed over time generally by
observed example.
Where Writing Differs (or Not) from
Speaking - Colloquialisms
• Our world is so brilliant and
compartmentalized.
• If you have ever seen the movie, I Robot,
Will Smith hated robots.
• As, we all know, the Turing Test …
Where Writing Differs (or Not) from
Speaking – Grammar (My Opinion)
• None of these traits are found in humans.
not ok
• … robots that people can relate to …
ok
Citations
• … until in 1978 when a man named Vernon
Mountcastle published a paper titled, “…”.
Citations
• … until in 1978 when a man named Vernon
Mountcastle published a paper titled, “…”.
until the publication of “…” [Mountcastle 1978].