Download Mikrobiologický ústav LF MU a FN u sv. Anny v Brně

Institute for Microbiology, Medical Faculty of Masaryk University
and St. Anna Faculty Hospital in Brno
Miroslav Votava
MORPHOLOGY AND STRUCTURE
OF BACTERIAL CELL
The 2nd lecture for 2nd-year students
February 24, 2014
Objects of the Medical Microbiology
– revision
a) Pathogenic microbes (causing diseases of
human beings or animals)
b) Normal microflora (microbes commonly
present in healthy persons or animals)
c) Mutual relationship between microbes and
their hosts (how we defend themselves against
the microbes or how we utilize their presence)
d) Relationship between microbes and the
environment (including methods how to
eradicate the microbes)
Different objects and sections
of microbiology – revision
•
•
•
•
bacteria
micromycetes (moulds
& yeasts)
(algae)
parasites
–
–
–
•
protozoa
helminths
arthropods
viruses
bacteriology
mycology
(algology)
parasitology
protozoology
helminthology
entomology
virology
General microbiology × special microbiology
“Must-knows” about microbes for
an E mark – revision
Pathogenicity
1. Which diseases or syndromes does the microbe in
question cause?
2. How are they called in Latin?
Etiology
3. Which microbe is the etiological agent of the
infectious disease in question?
4. Which microbes (bacteriae, yeasts, moulds, viruses
or parasites) are the most important causes of the
syndrome in question?
Treatment
5. What is the treatment of choice?
6. If it is an antibotics, which one?
“Must-knows” for an A mark I –
revision
1. Classification, morphology, structure
Is it a bacterium, yeast, mold or protozoan?
If a bacterium: is it Gram-positive, Gram-negative, or
does it stain in yet another way?
Is it a coccus, rod, filament, spiral?
How are the cells relatively arranged? In pairs, clumps,
chains, tetrads?
Do they produce spores, capsules, granules?
2. Physiology, biochemistry, genetics, tenacity
Is it a strict anaerobe (does the oxygen kill it)?
Has it any important bichemical property?
Or genetical one?
Is it resistant (robust), or delicate?
“Must-knows” for an A mark II –
revision
3. Antigenic structure
Does it exist in one antigenic type or in several ones?
4. Pathogenicity
Which diseases or syndromes does it cause?
How are they called in Latin?
5. Pathogenesis
Portal of entry, spread through the body, elimination?
How do the symptoms develop?
Which factors of pathogenicity (virulence) has it?
6. Immunity
Does it actually develop after the contact with the
microbe?
Is it short-lasted, or life-long; humoral, or cellular one?
“Must-knows” for an A mark III –
revision
7. Epidemiology
What is the source of infection: man, animal or
environment?
How is the agent transmitted?
8. Prevention, if necessary prophylaxis
Does a vaccination exist, or passive
immunization?
What type of vaccine is in the use?
9. Treatment
What is the treatment of choice?
If it is an antibotics, which one?
“Must-knows” for an A mark IV –
revision
10. Laboratory diagnostics
Direct demonstration (= detection of the agent in
question – microscopy, culture, detection of
antigens, nucleic acid), or
indirect one (= detection of antibodies)?
If direct one, what is sampled from the
patient?
In which way is the specimen examined?
If by the culture, is a special medium required?
How is the isolated strain identified?
If indirect one, is a special serologic reaction
required?
What is considered as a positive result?
Shape of bacteria – I
Spherical shape: cocci
regular sphere: staphylococci
flattened: gonococci, meningococci
pointed (lancet-like): pneumococci
Elongated shape: rods
straight: majority (e.g. Escherichia coli)
short (coccobacilli): acinetobacters
long (fibers): mainly old cultures
slender: Mycobacterium tuberculosis
robust: majority of bacilli, lactobacilli,
Clostridium perfringens
(to be continued)
Shape of bacteria – II
(rods, continued:)
with split ends: bifidobacteria
branched: nocardiae, actinomycetes
curved: vibria, campylobacters
with flat ends: Bacillus anthracis
spindle-shaped: fusobacteria
club-shaped: corynebacteria
pleomorphic: haemophili
Shape of bacteria – III
Spirals:
thick: Spirillum
uneven: Borrelia
regular: Treponema
slender with bend ends: Leptospira
Size of bacteria
Pathogenic bacteria: mainly around 1 – 5 μm
(1 μm = 10-3 mm)
Genus Staphylococcus: the diameter circa 1 μm
Relatively big: genera Bacillus and Clostridium
(robust rods around 1 – 2 × 10 μm)
Relatively long: old cultures of most rods
(fibers up to 50 μm long)
Relatively small: genus Haemophilus
(in the sputum approximately 0.3 × 0.6 μm)
Even smaller:
rickettsiae (circa 0.5 μm)
chlamydiae (elementary bodies circa 0.3 μm)
mycoplasmas (circa 0.2 – 0.25 μm )
Arrangement and shape of cocci
a) in clumps: Staphylococcus aureus
b) in chains: Streptococcus pyogenes
c) lancet-like diplococci: Streptococcus
pneumoniae
d) flattened diplococci: Neisseria gonorrhoeae
e) cocci in tetrads: Micrococcus luteus
Arrangement and shape of rods – I
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
absolute majority of rods: e.g. Escherichia coli
delicate streptobacilli: Haemophilus ducreyi
coccobacilli in pairs or diplobacilli: Moraxella lacunata
robust rods, rounded ends: Clostridium perfringens
robust rods, flat up to concave ends, bamboo cane-like
chains: Bacillus anthracis
Arrangement and shape of rods – II
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
club-like in palisades: Corynebacterium diphtheriae
slender, in hinted palisades: Mycobacterium tuberculosis
branched, fragmented: Nocardia asteroides
spindle-like: Fusobacterium fusiforme
minute, pleomorphic: Haemophilus influenzae
Curved and spiral rods
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
curved rods, crescent-shaped: Vibrio cholerae
thick spirals: Spirillum minus
uneven spirals: Borrelia recurrentis
delicate, regular spirals: Treponema pallidum
very fine spirals with bent ends: Leptospira
icterohaemorrhagiae
Outline of bacterial cell
capsule
cytoplasmic membrane
bacterial cell wall
fimbriae
nucleoid
ribosomes
plasmids
granula
vacuole
flagellum
Bacterial cell wall
G+
G–
lipoteichoic acid
O-antigen
inner polysaccharide
lipid A
lipopolysaccharide
(endotoxin)
murein
porin
outer
membrane
lipoprotein
periplasmatic
space
cytoplasmic membrane (G+)
innner membrane
(G–)
Gram staining
G+
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Fixation by flame 3 times
Gram stain
20 s
Lugol solution
20 s
Alcohol
max. 20 s
Aqua fontis
rinse
Safranin
1 min
Aqua fontis
rinse
Drying
G–
Basis of Gram-positiveness
Rather a puzzle – but it is connected with the structure
of cell wall
The 1st theory:
Thick peptidoglycane (murein) layer contracts after the
alcohol and slows down the washing of crystal
violet and iodine complex out of Gram-positive
cells
The 2nd theory:
Cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria contains more
lipids, therefore the alcohol forms pores in the wall
and the colored complex can be washed out easier
Examples of G+ and G– microbes
Gram-positives
Gram-negatives
Staphylococcus
Streptococcus
Bacillus
Lactobacillus
Clostridium
Listeria
Corynebacterium
Yeasts and moulds
Escherichia
Salmonella
Vibrio
Haemophilus
Pseudomonas
All spirals
Mycoplasma
Rickettsiae & chlamydiae
Sensitivity to antibiotics
Effect mostly
on Gram-positives:
Effect mostly
on Gram-negatives:
beta-lactams (penicillin,
oxacillin = methicillin)
macrolides (erytromycin)
lincosamides
(lincomycin)
glycopeptides
(vancomycin)
aminoglycosides
(gentamicin)
monobactams
(aztreonam)
polypeptides (colistin)
3rd gen. cephalosporins
(cephtriaxon)
Recommended reading material
Paul de Kruif: Microbe Hunters
Paul de Kruif: Men against Death
Could you kindly supply me with another
work in connection with microbes or at
least medicine?
Please mail me your suggestions at:
[email protected]
Thank you for your attention