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Principles of Biology
By
Frank H. Osborne, Ph. D.
Skeletal System
Types of Skeletons
Exoskeleton
•The exoskeleton
(exo- refers to the exterior of the animal) is a
type of skeleton that is found on the outside of
the body.
•This type of skeleton is common in many
invertebrate animals like starfish, insects,
spiders and lobsters.
Types of Skeletons
Endoskeleton
•The endoskeleton (endorefers to the interior of the
animal) consists of internal
bones that have muscles
attached to them. It is found
in the vertebrate animals
like fishes, amphibians,
reptiles, birds and mammals
(including humans).
Bone Structure
•Bone consists of bone cells surrounded by a
matrix of calcium phosphate.
•The bone tissue is hard and impervious. So
the blood supply for the bone cells is located
in the Haversian canal system.
Bone Structure
•Spongy bone has
spaces in the bone
tissue structure This
gives it the
appearance of a
sponge.
•Compact bone does
not have any spaces.
The Human Skeleton
•The axial skeleton consists of the skull and
spinal column. It includes the vertebrae, ribs
and pelvic bones.
The Human Skeleton
•The appendicular skeleton consists of the
appendages that are attached to the axial
skeleton. These appendages are the arms and
the legs. Bones are connected to each other by
ligaments, which are structures made of dense
connective tissue
The Human Skeleton
•Spina bifida is a condition in which the
spinal column does not connect completely.
•This condition confines the individual to a
life in wheelchairs.
The End
Principles of Biology
Skeletal System