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CUSTOMER_CODE
SMUDE
DIVISION_CODE
SMUDE
EVENT_CODE
Jan2017
ASSESSMENT_CODE BT9402_Jan2017
QUESTION_TYPE
DESCRIPTIVE_QUESTION
QUESTION_ID
13592
QUESTION_TEXT
Explain the different fundamental principles considered in artificial
intelligence.
SCHEME OF
EVALUATION
i.The first principle: Bounded rationality implies opportunities search:
This is the fundamental result of Simon’s research on decision making in
organizations, leading to the Nobel prize.
ii.The second principle: A physical symbol system is necessary and
sufficient for intelligent action:
The second principle of AI is the physical system hypothesis, i.e. a
physical symbol system is necessary and sufficient for intelligent action.
iii.The third principle: the magic no 70,000+20,000: The third principle
of AI is that an expert knows 70,000 counts of information give or take a
binary order of magnitude.
iv.Fourth principle: Search compensate for lack of knowledge: The
fourth principle of AI is that search compensate for lack of knowledge.
v.The fifth principle: knowledge compensate for lack of search: - This is
an important insight which was clearly understood even as late as 1970
i.e. knowledge reduces uncertainty and helps us constrain the
exponential growth leading to the solution of the many otherwise
unsolved problems.(2 marks each)
QUESTION_TYPE
DESCRIPTIVE_QUESTION
QUESTION_ID
13594
QUESTION_TEXT
Define Scripts. Explain the advantages & Disadvantages of Script. Why
Scripts are beneficial?
SCHEME OF
EVALUATION
Scripts
A set of circumstance which are prescribed by a structure which are
expected to follow on from one another are said to be a Script. It is a
thought sequence or continuation of situations which are expected. With
more specialized roles it is considered to have more number of slots or
frames.
Roger Schank, Robert P. Abelson and their research group in their early
AI work developed the Scripts. This is a method of presenting
procedural language. The may look like frames, with a difference to fill
the slots is in a ordered fashion.
Advantages
The advantages of Script are:



Events and answering the question are predictable by scripts.
Unusual events can be detected.
From a collection of observations a single coherent interpretation
can be built up.
Disadvantages
The disadvantages of Script are:




Less general than frames.
All kinds of knowledge cannot be represented.
Ad hoc
Scripts either only account for details in a restricted domain so
they are not interesting or they apply everywhere which is not
likely.
Why are Scripts beneficial?
Scripts are beneficial because:




In known runs or patterns, Events tend to run.
Existence of causal relationships between events.
To allow an event to take place there exist an entry conditions.
Prerequisites exist upon events taking place. E.g. when a student
progresses through a degree scheme or when a purchaser buys a
house.
QUESTION_TYPE
DESCRIPTIVE_QUESTION
QUESTION_ID
72848
QUESTION_TEXT
List the architectural principles for Expert system.
SCHEME OF EVALUATION
(1*10=10marks)
Knowledge is power
Knowledge is often inexact and incomplete
Knowledge is often poorly specified
Expert system need to b flexible
Expert systems need to be transparent
Separate inference engine and knowledge base level
Use uniform fact representation
Keep inference engine simple
Explicit redundancy
Amateurs experts slowly.
QUESTION_TYPE
DESCRIPTIVE_QUESTION
QUESTION_ID
126151
QUESTION_TEXT
What is hill climbing strategy? Discuss its drawbacks and solutions.
1.pick a random point in the search space
2.consider all the neighbors of the current state
3.choose the neighbor with the best quality and move to that state
4.repeat 2 through 4 until all the neighboring states are of lower quality
5.return the current state as the solution state
Drawbacks:
SCHEME OF
EVALUATION
local maxima: a peak that is lower than the highest peak in the state
space. Once on a local maximum, hill climbing will halt, even
though there is a better solution
plateau: area of the state space where the evaluation function is nearly
fla. Hill climbing will do a random walk in such an area
ridges: a ridge can have steeply sloping sides, so that the search reaches
the top with ease, but on the top may slope gently toward a peak.
Unless there happens to be operators that move directly along the
top of the ridge the search may oscillate from side to side making
little or no progress.
Solutions:
backtracking
making big jumps
applying multiple rules before testing
QUESTION_TYPE
DESCRIPTIVE_QUESTION
QUESTION_ID
126153
QUESTION_TEXT
Explain the various approaches to knowledge representation
Simple relational knowledge – 2 ½ marks
inheritable knowledge – 2 ½ marks
SCHEME OF EVALUATION inferential knowledge – 2 ½ marks
Procedural knowledge – 2 ½ marks
QUESTION_TYPE
DESCRIPTIVE_QUESTION
QUESTION_ID
126154
QUESTION_TEXT
Write resolution algorithm. What are the different strategies used to
select clauses to be resolved?
Algorithm – 3 marks
Resolution strategy – 7 marks
Level saturation – 3 marks
Set of support – 2 marks
SCHEME OF
EVALUATION
Unit preference – 1mark
Linear resolution – 1 mark