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Human Security
• 1. Ever since a number of African state s
gained independence in early 1960s, the
continent has been faced by a number of
conflicts.
• 2. Major problems have arisen-Liberia, sierra
Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Rwanda, Burundi,
Lesotho, Mozambique, Angola, DRC,
Zimbabwe (major theatres of war).
2. Human security
• 1. Interstate- Eritrea-Ethiopia, DRCUganda, Rwanda
• 2. The groups in intra state are largely
divided in relation to ethnic or religious
groups, classes of people.
• 3. The types of weapons being used
arte frequently small and cannot
account for the proliferation of arms
3. Human security
• 1. Contemporary wars are occasionally
limited to the erosion of state control or
collapse of state for example Somalia.
• 2. One intriguing feature of the
conflicts is that they affect lives of
civilians and in most cases the record of
causalities is high among women,
elderly and children.
4 Human security
• 1. Genocide in Rwanda provides a
valid example to the horrors of war on
ordinary citizens.
• 2. Basically this has given rise to the
discourse on human security
5 human security
• A. Concept of human security.
• 1. UNDP in 1994 Human development
report- it is developmentally
oriented/focused.
• 2. It covers 7 main aspects of life that
include economy, food, health,
environment, personal, community and
personal security.
6. Human security
• 1. However the discourse failed to gain
currency as preoccupation centred on
human catastrophe brought by the
conflicts
• 2. Stephen Stedman 1999 argued that
the crisis in Africa especially at national
and sub national level can be seen to
centre around 4 main issues:
7.human security
• Identity- involves the safe and self
conception and self identities of
individual within his or her membership
in allegiance to particular communityeconomic, social, political, economic,
territorial. The issue of identity
determines the extent to which an
individual sees himself/herself as
member of the community.
8. Human security
• a) Participation: refers to voluntary
options and choice available to the
individual for making demands of
government and expressive support or
lack of support for government policies.
Exclusion of certain groups and
individual from participation in political,
social and cultural development are a
recipe for conflicts:nigeria,sudan
9 human security
• Distribution of resources- refers to who
benefit from access to and the spread of
values and resources in society. If
politics can be defined as “who gets
what, when and how” the issue of
resource and values become central.
“The authoritative allocation of values”.
10 human security
• a) The manners in which the resources
are distributed determine the degree of
justice, fairness and equity that is
attributed to the government.
11. Human security
• a) Legitimacy- involves the individual
belief in the rightness of ruler,
government competence in society.
Zimbabwe, Madagascar, Rwanda.