Download Assessing and Treating Sex Offenders (2)

Assessing and Treating
Sexual Offenders
Anna C. Salter, Ph.D.
Good Lives Model
Primary Goods
People seek primary goods
Primary Goods
Experiences, states of mind, activities
Sought for their own sake
Increase psychological well-being
Sexual Offending
Attempts to pursue primary human goods
Socially unacceptable
Personally frustrating
What Are Primary Goods
–Relatedness
–Health
–Autonomy
–Creativity
–Knowledge
Applying the Good Lives Model
What goods are associated with offending?
Pursuit of emotional equilibrium
Intimacy
Personal control
Grievance
Sexual pleasure (goods of health & body)
Play (to get a thrill)
What Prevents Meeting These
Appropriately?
Socially isolated
Lack skills for relationships
Overly aggressive when mood low
Identifying Overarching Primary
Goods
Mechanically Inclined
“In this example, he might enroll in a night
course on practical mechanics
(knowledge), join a car club (relatedness),
and eventually train as a car mechanic
(mastery at work).”
(Ward et al., 2006, p. 308)
Tender Minded Theory
People are good
Bad acts are an attempt to meet same
needs as everybody else
Theoretical Position
“It is true that we did not cite any study
applying the ideas of Deci and Ryan
[human needs and self-determination] to
an offender population – to our knowledge
there are no such studies yet.”
(Ward & Stewart, 2003, p. 222)
Theoretical Position
“. . .there is little or no evidence for the
assessment and treatment aspects of the
theory other than the rationally based
reasons outlined above. This weakness
reveals that the theory lacks empirical
adequacy.”
(Ward et al., 2006, p. 311)
Attack on
Risks/Needs/Responsivity
“Lack of unifying power and external consistency”
“Lack of fertility with respect to treatment
guidance”
“Lack of explanatory depth”
“Incoherency;” “lack of scope;” “incomplete
rehabilitation theory
(Ward et al., 2006)
Focus of Treatment
Reduction of Recidivism?
“We believe that treating sexual offenders also
involves taking into consideration human
welfare issues, as well as recidivism issues.”
(Ward et al., 2006, p.269)
“Individuals who are assessed as low risk may
exhibit a number of significant problems that
adversely impact on their functioning, for
example, low mood or relationship conflict.
While such problems may not be criminogenic
needs, individuals could still benefit from
therapeutic attention.”
(Ward et al., 2006, p. 269)
Risk needs model “has resulted in the
development of a suite of empirically derived
and effective treatment for a range of crimes,
including sexual offending.”
(Ward & Hudson, 1997)
“The difficulty is that in the absence of a
theoretical analysis we do not know why.”
(Ward et al., 2006, p. 270)
“. . .the claim that a criminogenic need
such as impulsivity is instrumentally
related to further offending suggests that
individuals choose to act in an impulsive
manner in order to achieve the further goal
of offending.. .It is confusing to view what
is essentially a loss of behavioural control
as an intentional action; individuals do not
choose to behave impulsively.”
(Ward et al., 2006, p. 274)
Reply from Bonta and Andrews
“We welcome such a debate on the
relevance of various models to explain
criminal behaviour . However, that debate
should be structured by respect for
evidence.”
“Theoreticism is the acceptance or rejection
of knowledge in accordance with one’s
personal view and not in accordance with
evidence.”
(Bonta & Andrews, 2003, p. 215)
“Here we see theoreticism operating at its
best. Ignore the evidence that reductions
in criminogenic needs are associated with
reduced criminal behaviour, turn a blind
eye to the fact that there is not a shred of
evidence that psychodynamic
interventions reduce recidivism and simply
assert that your approach makes the most
sense.”
“Ward and Stewart appear to be arguing for
a return to the good old days when
treatment providers relied on nondirective,
relationship-oriented techniques to build
feelings of well-being.”
(Bonta & Andrews, 2003, p. 217)
Pornography
Changing Standards
Entertainment Analyst Dennis McAlpine
Auerbach, Pollak & Richardson
“Most cable operators still don’t want to cross the
threshold from ‘acceptable adult programming’
. . . penetration, anal sex, oral sex, group sex,
and lesbian and gay sex, to ‘pornography.’”
(In Paul, 2005 p. 56)
Economics
Hollywood annually
400 feature films
11,000 porn films
Economics
4 billion a year from videos
(More revenues than NFL, MLB or NBA)
Economics
Total Revenue
Adult Films
5 to 10 billion
Popularity
Porn sites visited
3 times more often
than Google, Yahoo, & MSN Search
combined
(InternetWeek, June 4, 2004)
Porn on internet
N = 15,246
Downloaded or intentionally viewed
erotic films or photos
Men
75%
Women
41%
(Lever, 2004)
Porn on Internet
18 – 24 year old men
70%
Visit porn site
At least once a month
(ComScore, an Internet traffic measuring service
in Paul, 2005)
Porn at Work
Accidentally visited
at work
75%
More than 10 times
15%
Seen co-workers surfing
40%
(SonicWALL Web Usage Survey, 2004)
Porn at Work
VA Department of Transportation
17
Fired for watching porn at work
> than 2 hours daily
(Bacque, 2004)
Violent Content
(Including torture & mutilation)
Magazines
25%
Videos
27%
Usernets
42%
(Barron & Kimmel, 2000)
Bukkake
Young Japanese women
Ejaculated on by multiple men
Crying
Teens & the Internet
Ages 15 – 17
Gone online
95%
Internet access from home
83%
Internet access from bedroom
31%
(Kaiser Family Foundation, 2001)
Teens & Online Pornography
Seen online accidentally
Ages 15 – 17
Total = 70%
Very often or
somewhat often
23%
Not too often
47%
(Kaiser Family Foundation, 2001)
Teens & Porn
Friends who regularly
view internet porn & download
45%
(Columbia U, 2004, In Paul 2005)
Teens & Porn
Regularly download porn
Age
12
%
33
17
67
(Columbia U, 2004, In Paul 2005)
Do the Parents Know?
Ages 9 - 19
Kids
N = 1511
Parents
N = 906
Contact w/ porn
57%
16%
Given out personal info
46%
5%
Unwanted sexual
comments
33%
5%
(Livingstone & Bober, 2005)
Allure of Porn
Woman loves anything done to them
No relationship issues
No pregnancies
No rejections
No AIDS
Allure of Porn
“Nobody fails to get an erection, the woman
doesn’t have trouble achieving orgasm,
nobody fears their gut looks too big or
they’re sweating too much or they can’t
catch their breath.”
(Paul, 2005, p. 41)
Impact of Porn
“I don’t see how any male who likes porn
can think actual sex is better, at least if it
involves all the crap that comes with
having a real live female in your life.”
(Paul, 2005, p. 39)
Austin
“Walking down the street, he says, you
see all these girls you want to have sex
with. ‘And it makes you angry in a way.
Not violently angry, but just pissed off. It
pains us every time we see another
woman we cant’ have sex with. You want
to see all these women naked and you
know you never will. It’s really frustrating.’”
(Paul, 2005, p. 40)
Austin
“’Sure you might get to see one woman, but
the point is you can’t get every one.
There’s always another woman who will
walk by and torment you. It makes life
seem incredibly unfair: all temptation, with
little reward. First you’re single and you
can’t get the women you really want; then
you’re married and you’re tied to one
woman for the rest of your life.”’
(Paul, 2005, p. 40)
Austin
Age 29
Never had a serious girlfriend
Compulsive Use
11 + hours a week
6 – 13%
Trouble Stopping
Problem Controlling Use to Log On
17%
(Elle-MSNBC survey, 2004)
The Rush
“In pornographic perception, the addict
experiences a type of vertigo, a fearful
exhilaration, a moment when all the
addict’s ties to the outside world do indeed
seem to be cut or numbed. That sense of
endless falling, that rush, is what the
addict seeks again and again. . . He is
helpless before it.”
(Mura, p. 125 in Kimmel, 1990)
Online Challenge
N = 100 Online Users
Go without porn 2 weeks
Failed within 1 week
52
Failed within 3 days
24
Dropped out
6
(www.pointlesswasteoftime.com/pornoff.html.)
Language of Addicts
“From the first hours on, lots of these guys
were suddenly talking about ‘withdrawal’
and talking about how tomorrow was going
to be a ‘tough day’ with time alone and
high-speed access. They were using the
language recovering addicts use, which I
admit both surprised me and creeped me
out a little.”
Impact on Relationships
Spouses “Seriously” Involved
No longer interested
in wives
50%
Wives lost interest
33%
Separated or divorced
20%
(Schneider, 2000)
Compulsion
2 friends
Both 20’s
Both overweight
Never had a girlfriend
Never had intercourse
No friends
Neither leaves home
Porn all free time
Compulsion
Gabe
Not spending time with kids
Straight from work to internet
One week online 24/7
Now 36 hour break every 2 or 3 weeks
5 years
Porn & Real Life
“Women who were otherwise good-looking
but weren’t as overtly sexy as the women
in porn don’t appeal to me as much
anymore. I find that I look more for
women who have the attributes I see in
porn. I want bigger breasts, blonder hair,
curvier bodies in general.”
(Harrison in Paul, 2005, p. 81)
Porn & Real Life
“It’s not easy to turn me on anymore. And
that’s not a good thing. . . I thought about
why it is that I don’t often look twice when
a nearly nude 20-something walks by me
in a restaurant. Or sometimes at night,
when, on that rare occasion I have a
woman in bed next to me waiting for me to
make a move, I fall asleep.”
(Paul, 2005, p. 82)
“I am immune to all of it . . . I have seen
everything – things I did not know the
human body could do or wanted to do. . .
When all is said and done, I have built
such a high immunity to sex that the whole
idea of it is demystified. There are no
secrets. There are no subtleties – the
subtleties that can tease a person to
arousal.” (Paul, 2005, p. 82)
Impact
Raises expectations
how women look
Changes expectations
how women behave
51%
48%
(Paul, 2005)
Impact on Sex
Online porn
5 + hrs/week
Sex w/ women
Less arousing
35%
Real sex can’t
Compare
20%
(Elle-MSNBC, 2004)
“My heart would race less. . . Sex just
seemed so ordinary; it was no longer
thrilling or magical the way it had been
before i-porn.”
(Rajiv in Paul, 2005, 0. 96)
“I’ve broken up with women who wouldn’t
perform certain things I’ve seen in films.”
(Paul, 2005, p. 93)
“I plan to bring up pornography very early in
my next relationship. That way, if it’s an
issue, we just won’t go anywhere.”
(Paul, 2005, p. 100)
Impact of Porn
N = 1209
Ages 15 – 24
• Serious impact
67%
• Encourages sex
before ready
59%
• Become addicted
49%
• Unprotected sex OK
49%
• Bad attitudes to women
49%
(Kaiser Family Foundation, 2001)
Impact of Porn
All adults
Have sex earlier
25%
15-24
59%
(Paul, 2005)
Impact of Porn
Ages
Older
Younger
25- 40
18–24
Harms Relationships
30%
40%
(Paul, 2005)
Regulate Porn
18-24Parents
Warning labels &
restricting use
20%
10%
(Paul, 2005)
Impact on Perceptions
N = 80 college students
6 weeks
Exposure:
Massive
6 sexual films per session
48 minutes per week
4 hrs & 38 minutes
Intermediate
None
3 erotic; 3 nonerotic
2 hrs & 24 minutes
All nonerotic films
(Bryant & Zillmann, 1982)
Impact on Perception
Newspaper Report
Rape of Hitchhiker
Recommended Sentences
Men
Women
No films
95 mos
143 mos
Massive
50 mos
77 mos
(Bryant & Zillmann, 1982)
Impact
Massive Exposure
Less likely to want a daughter
(Bryant & Zillmann, 1982)
Impact
Massive Exposure
Less likely to support women’s causes
3 times less likely to favor women’s rights
(Bryant & Zillmann, 1982)
Child Pornography & the
Internet
Size of Collections
1998 San Diego case
40,000 photos
1,000 movies
Organized
“li’l rape”
Size of Collections
England, 1999
100,000 hardcore pictures
22,000 pictures of boys and girls
Ages 2 - 13
Child Pornography & the
Internet
Support
Advice
Access
Support from the Internet
Man Molesting 10-Year-Old Daughter
“I am so happy to find this site . . . I thought
having a sexual attraction to my daughter
was bad. I now do not feel guilty or
conflicted.”
(Eichenwald, 8/21/06)
Advice the Internet
Wants to be foster parent
“You better have a darned good excuse why you
never married, such as your fiancée died in a
car wreck . . I highly recommend you date
women for several years and keep at least a
couple of those relationships going for at least a
couple of months. Around the women, make a
point of being nice to children.”
(Eichenwald, 8/21/2006)
“It has been stated a million times already, you
should NEVER store anything illegal on your hd,
just too damn risky. . . Better to save all your
precious files on encrypted CD’s. . . You can
store up to 650 MG on a single CD and they’re
easy to hide or destroy if the worst were to
happen. Also, when you encrypt your CD’s with
PCPdisk or similar, you can rest assured that no
one will ever know just what you have on them.
And you can sleep a little better knowing just
that.” (Jenkins, 2001, p. 101)
Support
“Does anyone know how many pedophiles
there are in this world? Sometimes I feel
like I’m the only one. . . I don’t think noone
know me interest but I am just 24 and I
feel very lonely in my age, do you think
there are more in my age who are pedo?”
Support
“No, you are not alone. We all share your
emotions. We are into kids, that’s why we
are here, you know. There are no stupid
questions, only answers.”
(Jenkins, 2001, p. 106)
Selling Their Philosophy
Podcasts
Internet Radio Station
Advertising Charities
Selling the Philosophy
Podcasts
Benefits of Age Difference in Sexual Relationships
Child’s Sexual Autonomy, Practices & Consequences
Failure of Sex Offender Registries
The Misrepresentation of Pedophilia in the News Media
(Eichenwald, 8/21/2006)
Online Can Mislead Pedophiles
Discussion with Minors on Game Site
Raised Dutch Pedophilic party
Why Angry?
“Your post is a typical example of what happens
when you spend too much time in the online BL
community . . Believe it or not, most young
children are NOT anxious to have sex with adult
men.”
(Eichenwald, 8/21/2006)
9-year-old Sexually Abused by
Neighbor
“Marion obviously enjoyed her time with the poster,
look at what she did for him, all that posing, and
for a beautiful girl like that ti miss out on it, how
long you think til she wants another guy, no
amount of abuse counseling is gonna convince
her that the pleasure she received was really
abusive and painful, oh, what a fucking mad
world.”
(Jenkins, 2001, p. 133)
Child Porn & Pedophilia
N = 685 Sex Offenders
Child pornography charges
(Seto et al., 2006)
100
Child Porn Offenders
Also Hands-on Child Offenses
Age 14 or Younger
Yes
43
No
57
(Seto et al., 2006)
Child Porn & Pedophilia
Pedophilic Index >.25
(Seto et al., 2006)
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Child Porn
Child Victims
Child Porn & Pedophilia
Pedophilic Index
(Seto et al., 2006)
70
60
50
40
Pedo
30
20
10
0
CP No Vics CP w/ Vics
1 C Vic
2 C Vics
3 C Vvics
Child Porn & Pedophilia
(Seto et al., 2006)
Both child porn groups
(with & w/out hands-on victims)
Had same pedophilic arousal
Child Porn & Pedophilia
(Seto et al., 2006)
“Child pornography offenders, regardless
of whether they had a history of sexual
offenses against child victims, were more
likely to show a pedophilic pattern of
sexual arousal than were a combined
group of offenders against children.”
(p. 613)
Child Porn & Pedophilia
(Seto et al., 2006)
7
6
5
4
Max Child
Max Adult
3
2
1
0
CP no
vics
CP w/
vics
1 C vic
2 C vic
3 C vic
Child Pornography & Contact Offenses
N = 201
Child Pornography Offenders
Possession, distribution or production
Prior criminal offense
56%
Prior violent offenses
30%
Prior contact sex offenses
24%
(Seto & Eck, 2005)
Child Porn & Contact Offenses
Recidivism
Follow-up – 2.5 years
New crime
17%
New child porn crime
6%
New contact sex crime
4%
(Seto & Eck, 2005)
Content of Child Porn
Prepubescent children
80%
Penetration
80%
Sexual violence
(bondage, rape & torture)
21%
Video
33%
(Wolak et al., 2005)
Ages of Children
Ages 6 – 12
83%
3–5
39%
Toddlers & infants
19%
(Wolak et al., 2005)
Bourke & Hernandez 2009
N = 155
All were Child Porn Possessor
No producers of child porn
Intensive sex offender treatment program
Criteria for Contact Offenses
Conviction
Admission
Substantiation by Child Protection
Child Porn & Contact Offenses
(Hernandez, 2000)
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
Contact sex crimes
800
600
400
200
0
PSA
After SOTP
Child Porn & Hands On Victims
(Bourke & Hernandez, 2009)
140
120
100
80
No hands on victims
Hands on victims
60
40
20
0
At Sentencing
End of Tx
Child Porn and Hands On Offenses
At
Sentencing
After
Treatment
Hands On Victims
40 (26%)
131 (85%)
No Hands On Victims
115 (74%)
24 (15%)
(Bourke & Hernandez, 2009)
Total Number of Victims
Child Porn and Hands On Offenses
Total Number of Victims
At
Sentencing
Hands On Victims
75
After
Treatment
1,777
(Bourke & Hernandez, 2009)
Average Number of Victims
Child Porn and Hands On Offenses
Average Number of Victims
At
Sentencing
Hands On Victims
1.88
After
Treatment
13.56
(Bourke & Hernandez, 2009)
Child Porn Group
No Known Offenses at Sentencing
Victims of Both Genders
24%
Pre & Post pubescent
48%
(Bourke & Hernandez, 2009)
Are Child Porn Possessors at Risk
to Molest Children?
“Our findings show that the Internet
offenders in our sample were significantly
more likely than not to have sexually
abused a child via a hands-on act.”
(Bourke & Hernandez, 2009, p. 183)
Are Child Porn Possessors at Risk
to Molest Children?
“They also indicate that the offenders who
abused children were likely to have
offended against multiple victims, and that
the incidence of ‘crossover’ by gender and
age is high.”
(Bourke & Hernandez, 2009, p. 183)
Are Child Porn Possessors
Pedophiles?
“In our work with hundreds of Internet child
pornography offenders in treatment, the
vast majority of those who initially denied
paraphilic interest subsequently
acknowledged their pre-existing and
longstanding sexual interest in minors.”
(Bourke & Hernandez, 2009, p. 185)
Average Number of Victims
Child Porn Group
No Known Offenses at Sentencing
8.7 Victims per Offender
(Bourke & Hernandez, 2009)
Review of 15 Studies
Child Pornography
N = 3536
Hands On Offenses
Official Self-Report
Records
18%
59%
(Hanson & Babchishin, 2009)
Differences in Internet and Other
Sex Offenders
More education
Higher rates of pedophilia
Higher rates of sexual preoccupation
Lower rates of antisocial/psychopathy
Child Porn Arrests
(Wolak et al., 2005)
CP Possession
Contact
Solicitation
16%
53%
31%
“Right now abpep-t contains tons of new
mpeg’s. Normally abpep-t gets approx
5000-7000 new posts every week, and the
latest 14,000 posts are available right now
at one pay-server [address deleted]. You
will find that abpep-t is the best source in
terms of finding on-topic (under thirteen
y.o.) material.” (Jenkins, 2001, p. 55)
FAQ abpep-t
“The name of this group says . . . Pictures,
erotica, pre-teen. This means we want to
share pictures of pre-teens, that is, under
thirteen. Pre-teen means just that,
younger than thirteen, we don’t want to
see teens or grandma, so please keep it
on-topic (or at least close). Both boys and
girls are considered on-topic.”
(Jenkins, 2001, p. 56)
Stories
A night in the kids room by S. o. S.
(Pedo/toddler, incest-brothers/sisters/Oral,
Anal, Gangbang
Anne by Kinnik (rape, Pedo, Torture,
Snuff)
Baby Sex is the Best – Part II by Evil Dad
(Child rape & abuse, Pedo Scat, WS)
14 Year Old Avenger by brisk065 (Pedo,
Bi sex, Scat, WS, Vomit, Animal, Torture,
Spanking, Snuff, Incest)
Seduction to Child Porn
Justin Berry
$50
Sit bare-chested in front of Webcam for 3
minutes
(Eichenwald, 2006)
Praise
“They complimented me all the time . . .
They told me I was smart, they told me I
was handsome.”
(Eichenwald
Escalating Requests
$100 pose in underwear
(Eichenwald, 2006)
Gifts
Amazon wish list
(Eichenwald, 2006)
Equipment
Asante four-port hub (multiple cameras)
Viking memory upgrade
Color Webcam
Intel Deluxe USB camera
HP camera
(Eichenwald, 2006)
Seduction
Jason Berry
Undressing
Showering
Masturbating
Having Sex
(Eichenwald, 2006)
Enticement
Computer camp
Invited to Michigan – sex with a girl
(Eichenwald, 2006)
Facilitating
Helped with Pornographic website
Justinscam.com
Yahoo, AOL, MSN
Free instant message services w/ video
Stream live video free – if president could watch
Sites – paid ads from teens & vote for favorites
Seduction
Audience 1500
Hundreds of Thousands of Dollars
(Eichenwald, 2006)
Who?
Analyzed 300 of 1500
Doctors
Lawyers
Business
Teachers
Etc.
Money
$45/month
$300 hour long private shows
(Eichenwald, 2006)
Gil Tunno Intel employee
Thousands meet for sex
Signed apartment lease
Escalation
Father helped
New web site
Live sex with prostitutes
$35 monthly
Discounts for 3 months, 6 months and
annual memberships
Cocaine & marijuana
Soliciting
Signed up other teens