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7-1
Chapter Seven
 Sexuality
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7-2
Sexuality
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Prior to 20th century, love and sex
were considered separate from
marriage
During 20th century, separation of
erotic love and marriage evaporated
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Emergence of Sexual
Identity

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Sexual identity = a set of sexual
practices and attitudes leading to the
formation in a person’s mind of an
identity as heterosexual, homosexual, or
bisexual  helps us to define who we
are
Until late 19th century, sexual terms
only referred to socially approved sex
(within marriage to procreate) or
socially disapproved (all other acts).
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7-3
Emergence of Sexual
Identity

Key to understanding changing
relationship among sex, love, and
marriage in the last hundred years
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Colonial Era to 1890: Spiritual
Love and Sexual Restraint

Sex and romance inappropriate reasons for
choosing a spouse
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Sex was only allowed within marriage in
moderation, only for the purpose of having
children
Massachusetts Bay Colony forbade (death
penalty) adultery, rape, sodomy
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7-6
Colonial Era to 1890

1750 young adults began to play a
greater role in choosing spouse

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Chose on the basis of affection and
mutual respect
Sex for pleasure within marriage began
to be acceptable

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Still must exercise restraint  fears that
it could cause insanity or loss of vision
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7-7
Colonial Era to 1890

19th century wage labor separated
husbands from household
Women were seen as spiritual and should
limit sexual passions of her husband
 Focus was on marital love as spiritual,
not carnal at all
 Women were denied sexual feelings
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Denial also used as a basis for sexual
repression during the Victorian Era
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7-8
1890-1960: Connecting
Romantic Love and Marriage
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Standard of living increased  people
were more free to focus on quality of
their emotional lives
Industrialization and urbanization 
smaller families to focus on
Fewer children left home sooner; couples
could concentrate on their personal lives
Resulted in the rise of the private family
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7-9
1890-1960: Connecting
Romantic Love and Marriage

Marriage seen as a means of selffulfillment through romantic love and
sexual gratification

Husband and wives should
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Be companions
See to each other’s needs, including sexual
Indicators of the health of a marriage
1920s: Women’s sexual needs were
acknowledged and displayed (cosmetic sales,
clothing changes)
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7-10
1890-1960: Connecting
Romantic Love and Marriage

Passionate love (flame)
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Sexually charged attraction at the
beginning of many love relationships
Companionate love (glowing embers)

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Affection and partnership felt in love
relationship of long duration
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Gender Differences in
Romantic Love
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Gender differences:

Women use romantic love and practical
criteria to choose spouse
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Men use romantic love and physical
attractiveness
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Reproductive strategy  valuing support
and commitment in men
Reproductive strategy  valuing evidence
of age and attractiveness = bearing children
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1960 to Present

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Double standard  men guarded sexual
access to their wives - women punished
more harshly for premarital and
extramarital sex
Idea of sex for pleasure outside of
marriage spread
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Extramarital sex
Restriction for keeping sex in marriage
exclusively weakened
Changes for women more dramatic 
changes in the double standard
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Nonmarital Sexual Activity

Decline of Double Standard
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Women reported more frequent sex
before marriage
Men’s report did not change much
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7-14
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Marital and Extramarital
Sex
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Sexual monogamy is still the rule
Sexual gratification in marriage is
encouraged and supported
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Sex for pleasure became legitimate goal
Contraception available  separates
sex as reproduction from sex as
pleasure
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Overview of Sexuality and
Marriage
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Positive value given to sexual
expression has continued and
increased
Cultural changes reflected in this:
Increased economic independence of
women
 Postponement of marriage without
postponing sex

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Overview of Sexuality and
Marriage
 Men
and women could have sex
without making a commitment
 Cohabitation, marriage, and
singlehood all recognized as OK
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Childbearing Outside of
Marriage

Consequence of cultural changes
Sexual intercourse outside marriage
increased
 Early marriage decreased
 Set the stage for having children
outside marriage

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7-19
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Adolescent Sexuality and
Pregnancy

Trends
Adolescent sexual activity much more
common than in mid-20th century
 Greatest increase occurred in 1970s and
1980s
 A modest decline occurred in early
1990s

Particularly with boys
 Condom use increased

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Adolescent Sexuality and
Pregnancy
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Boys and girls sexually active at about same
level
 Increase greater for middle class and
whites
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Sexual activity among youth is still more
common for
 African Americans
 The poor
Led to greater proportion of teenage
pregnancies and births outside marriage
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The Teenage Pregnancy
“Problem”
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10% of females 15-19 years of age become
pregnant each year
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One-third of these pregnancies end in abortion
This is lower than 10 or 20 years ago
Increased at the end of the 1980s, then
declined to all-time low in 90s
Probability of teenager giving birth lower
than in the last half-century
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The Teenage Pregnancy
“Problem”
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Then what is the “Problem”?
Fewer teenagers marrying than are
giving birth
 Black youth are more sexually active
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Nearly all births of black teenagers (96%)
occurred outside marriage
Among whites and Hispanics the figure
was 73% of births outside marriage
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7-25
Declining Rate, Rising Ratio

Nonmarital birth ratio has risen
Nonmarital birth ratio = proportion of all
births outside marriage
 Teenage births outside marriage have
led to increase in ratio
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Ratio has increased sharply for teens, even
though birthrate has declined
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Alternative Life-Course
Strategy?
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Giving birth is seen as an alternative
strategy for entering adulthood in
low-income neighborhoods
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Studies of young, low-income African
Americans
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Alternative Life-Course
Strategy?
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Grandmothers, who were themselves
young mothers, raise grandchildren as
did their own mothers
Biological mother is not yet a parent
 Transition to adulthood does not occur
until a woman becomes a biological
grandmother
 Community accepts this is as normal

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7-28
Consequences for Teenage
Mothers
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Complete fewer years of education
Have lower-paying jobs
More likely to depend on public
assistance
Less likely to have stable marriages
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Consequences for Teenage
Mothers

Selection effect = principle that
whenever individuals sort or “select”
themselves into groups, some of the
differences among the groups reflect
preexisting differences among the
individuals.

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Teenage mothers have come from lessfortunate families
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Consequences for Teenage
Mothers

Characteristics of teenage mothers:
Disadvantaged in income, education and
employment
 Some disadvantages due to other
factors, such as being raised in lowincome families
 Great variation in how their lives turn
out

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7-31
History of Gay and Lesbian
Sexuality
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Creation of a gay and lesbian subculture
Historically, identity was not focused on one
way or the other
In late 1800s an anti-homosexuality
campaign was begun
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Medical literature described homosexual people
as psychologically ill
Considered an unnatural condition
Heterosexuality = normal or “healthy”
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Gay and Lesbian Sexuality

Medical model stigmatized
homosexuals and served as the
basis for prejudice and
discrimination until 1973
Early 20th century: Some gay and
lesbian people able to establish
underground sexual subculture- it was
anonymous, small, and marginal
 AMA removed homosexuality from the
list of mental disorders in 1973

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Gay and Lesbian Sexuality

Kinsey report published in 1948
shocked the U.S.
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50% of men surveyed acknowledged their
erotic feelings toward other men
1/3 had had one experience with another man
12% had sexual experiences predominantly
with men for more than 3 years
4% had exclusively homosexual relations with
other men
Concluded perhaps as many as 10% men were
more or less exclusively homosexual for at
least 3 years
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Gay and Lesbian Sexuality

Other surveys didn’t match Kinsey
results
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University of Chicago survey– Large
random sample of U.S. adults
Less than 3% men and 2% women
considered themselves homosexual or
bisexual
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7-35
Gay and Lesbian Sexuality

Gay Political Movement
Term “gay” originated in late 1960s
 Protest of the Stonewall riot (police
raid of NYC gay bar)
 Military—Don’t ask, don’t tell policy
 50% of states still have laws against
consensual sex between same-sex
partners
 Fight to legalize marriage

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Origins of Sexual
Orientation
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Lifestyle choice vs. Biological causes
 Substantial support for biological
component
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study of identical and fraternal twins, brothers
Biological studies are controversial 
political implications

No justification for restricting rights if it’s not
a choice
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AIDS Epidemic and
Sexuality
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AIDS = Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrome
HIV = Human Immune Deficiency
Virus
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Sexual Behavior and AIDS
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725,000 cases by end of 1999
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425,000 deaths
Equal to number of Americans who died in both
World Wars, Korea, and Vietnam
Highest number of deaths among non-Hispanic
white males, until 1995
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Rise in non-Hispanic blacks today
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Transmission mainly through gay male sex
Reflects increase in cases due to intravenous drug
use
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7-39
AIDS and Sexuality

Led to changes in:
Sexual identities
 Attitudes towards sex
 Sexual practices

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Safe sex has become important
Open discussion
 Contraception use encouraged

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Homosexual sex is now more
understood
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