Download 2/6/13 Practice Exam 1 - Iowa State University

Practice Exam 1
Digestive & Respiratory Systems
Supplemental Instruction
Iowa State University
Leader:
Course:
Instructor:
Date:
Cody
AN S 214
Dr. Selsby
2/6/13
1. Which of the following is not an accessory organ of the digestive system?
a. Salivary glands
b. Teeth
c. Tongue
d. Intestines
2. The major site for nutrient absorption is the _____.
a. Mouth
b. Small intestine
c. Large intestine
d. Stomach
3. Saliva contains enzymes that break down proteins.
a. True
b. False
4. Which of the following is not a function of the stomach?
a. The stomach mechanically digests food.
b. The stomach chemically digests carbohydrates.
c. The stomach serves as a temporary holding area for ingested food.
d. The stomach produces intrinsic factor.
5. The phases of gastric secretion from first to last are:
a. Gastric phase, cephalic phase, intestinal phase.
b. Intestinal phase, gastric phase cephalic phase.
c. Cephalic phase, gastric phase, intestinal phase.
d. Cephalic phase, intestinal phase, gastric phase.
6. The increased concentration of HCO3- in blood draining from the stomach is called ______.
a. Bicarbonate loading.
b. The alkaline tide.
c. The chloride shift.
d. The enterogastric reflex
7. The _______ is the first segment of the small intestine.
a. Ileum
b. Duodenum
c. Ilium
d. Jejunum
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8. Digestion of carbohydrates and proteins by brush border enzymes occurs within the ______ of the
small intestine.
a. Villi
b. Microvilli
c. Circular folds
d. Goblet cells
9. Bile is stored and concentrated in the ______.
a. Gallbladder
b. Stomach
c. Liver
d. Pancreas
10. Which of the following is not a characteristic of the liver?
a. It has a role in detoxifying the blood.
b. It stores glucose.
c. It has 3 lobes.
d. It is highly regenerative.
11. ______ is not found in pancreatic secretions.
a. Bicarbonate
b. Cholecystokinin (CCK)
c. Procarboxypeptidase
d. Chymotrypsinogen
12. Most water is absorbed in the ________.
a. Small intestine
b. Liver
c. Stomach
d. Large intestine
13. Pepsin enzymatically digests _____.
a. Fat
b. Protein
c. Carbohydrate
d. Nucleic acids
14. In order to prevent self-digestion of the pancreas, activation of pancreatic proteases occurs in the:
a. Duodenum
b. Pancreas
c. Stomach
d. Gallbladder
15. During the intestinal phase of gastric regulation:
a. Hormones reduce chief cell activity.
b. Secretin causes more HCl release.
c. The gastroeneteric reflex reduces stomach activity.
d. The stomach is initially stimulated and later inhibited.
16. What is the main organic molecule digested in the stomach?
a. Proteins
b. Lipids
c. Carbohydrates
d. Nucleic acids
17. The propulsive function that occurs in the esophagus is called:
a. Segmentation
b. Peristalsis
c. Ingestion
d. Swallowing
18. Which of the following is a characteristic of the large intestine?
a. It has villi.
b. It provides no absorptive function.
c. It contains a large amount of bacteria.
d. It is longer than the small intestine.
19. Which regulatory chemical stimulates gastric gland activity and motility?
a. Gastrin
b. Secretin
c. Histamine
d. CCK
20. What would be the effect of stripping the small intestines of their villi?
a. Greater absorption of nutrients would occur.
b. Decreased surface area for absorption would cause weight loss to occur.
c. A duodenal ulcer
d. The large intestine would take over as the primary absorptive site.
21. Which of the following products does the stomach produce?
a. Bile and trypsin
b. HCl and intrinsic factor
c. Pepsinogen and secretin
d. Mucous and amylase
22. The final product of carbohydrate digestion is:
a. Glycogen
b. Polysaccharides
c. Monosaccharide’s
d. Disaccharides
23. Which of the following cells produce HCl?
a. Parietal cells
b. G cells
c. Chief cells
d. Enteroendocrine cells
24. Which of the following cells produce pepsinogen?
a. G cells
b. Enteroendocrine cells
c. Parietal cells
d. Chief cells
25. ______________ is the major means of propulsion in the digestive system.
a. Peristalsis
b. Ingestion
c. Defecation
d. Mechanical digestion
26. The short reflexes in the digestive system are stimulated by:
a. The sympathetic system.
b. The parasympathetic system.
c. Higher brain centers.
d. The enteric plexus.
27. The _________ phase of gastric secretion is considered a conditioned reflex.
a. Intestinal
b. Cephalic
c. Esophageal
d. Gastric
28. The arrival of chyme containing a mixture of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins into the duodenum
over a period of time would cause:
a. an increase in secretin release from the duodenum.
b. diminished gallbladder contractions.
c. a decrease in bicarbonate secretion from the pancreas.
d. a parasympathetic reflex which would promote gastric contractions.
29. All of the following are steps of the rumination cycle EXCEPT:
a. Regurgitation
b. Eructation
c. Redeglutition
d. Reinsalivation
e. Remastication
30. During the gastric phase ingested food stimulates:
a. a reflex in the myenteric plexus
b. a reflex mediated via the vagus nerves and brainstem
c. an increase in the pH of the stomach contents
d. all of the above
31. The liver secretes 1,000 mL of bile per day into the duodenum.
a. True
b. False
32. The functions of the liver include all of the following EXCEPT:
a. secretion of albumin, clotting factors, and other plasma proteins.
b. storing glucose as glycogen.
c. producing vitamins A, C and K.
d. degrading toxins and drugs from the blood.
33. Sympathetic stimulation of the gastrointestinal tract will increase peristalsis and gastric
secretions.
a. True
b. False
34. Monogastric salivary glands produce all of the following EXCEPT:
a. mucin
b. salivary pepsin
c. saliva
d. Bicarbonate
e. salivary amylase
35. Which of the following does not occur within the large intestine?
a. synthesis of vitamin K
b. absorption of water and electrolytes
c. secretion of mucus
d. digestion of cellulose by digestive enzymes
36. All of the following are functions of cholecystokinin (CCK) EXCEPT:
a. stimulates gallbladder contraction
b. promotes secretion of pancreatic enzymes
c. increases gastric HCl production
d. induces the movement of bile into common bile duct
e. causes hepatopancreatic sphincter to relax
37. Which of the following is not considered an accessory organ of the digestive system?
a. salivary glands
b. liver
c. pancreas
d. stomach
38. When the salivatory nuclei in the brainstem receive neural input from touch and taste receptors
in the mouth, salivation is increased.
a. True
b. False
39. Parietal cells use the enzyme carbonic anhydrase to form the H+ ions in the hydrochloric acid
that they secrete.
a. True
b. False
40. Air moves into the lungs because:
a. The volume of the lungs decreases with inspiration.
b. Contraction of the diaphragm decreases the volume of the pleural cavity.
c. The gas pressure in the lungs becomes lower than the outside pressure as the
diaphragm contracts.
d. The thorax is muscular.
41. Alveolar ventilation rate is:
a. The utilization rate of oxygen by alveolar cells to support metabolism.
b. Movement of dissolved gases from the blood into the alveoli.
c. The movement of air into and out of the alveoli during a particular time.
d. The movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood.
42. In the alveoli, the partial pressure of oxygen is
a. Much higher than PO2 of arterial blood.
b. Lower than the PO2 of the venous blood.
c. About 104 mmHg.
d. Equal to that in the tissues.
43. Most of the carbon dioxide transported by the blood is:
a. Bound to hemoglobin.
b. Dissolved in plasma.
c. Converted to bicarbonate ions and transported in plasma.
d. Carrie by the white blood cells.
44. Which respiratory measurement is normally the greatest?
a. Expiratory reserve volume
b. Vital capacity
c. Tidal volume
d. Inspiratory volume
45. Approximately 20% of carbon dioxide is transported in the blood as:
a. Hydrogen ions
b. Dissolved gas in the plasma
c. Carbaminohemoglobin
d. Oxyhemoglobin
46. Which of the following is NOT a function of the conducting zone?
a. Warming of air
b. Transport of air
c. Cleansing of air
d. Gas exchange
47. Anatomic dead space plus the nonfunctional alveolar space equals the physiologic dead space.
a. True
b. False
48. All of the following factors will cause the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to be lower
EXCEPT:
a. lower pH
b. rising body temperature
c. lower pO2 in tissues
d. elevated BPG levels
e. lower carbon dioxide concentrations
49. Which of the following is not found in the lungs?
a. Surfactant
b. Renin
c. Macrophages
d. Alveoli
50. Which of the following are not contained in the respiratory zone?
a. Alveoli
b. respiratory bronchioles
c. all of the above are parts of the respiratory zone
d. none of the above are correct
51. All of the following are functions of the upper respiratory system except
a. oxygenation of blood
b. trapping of pollutants
c. saturation of air with H2O
d. secretion of mucus
e. all of the above are correct
52. Which of the following terms is incorrectly matched to its descriptor?
a. tidal volume - volume of air moving in & out during breathing times respiration
rate
b. vital capacity - maximum volume of air inspired after maximum expiration
c. residual volume - amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation
d. dead space – inspired air that never contributes to gas exchange
e. all of the above are correct
53. Decreasing dead space
a. results in increased breathing frequency
b. lowers tidal volume
c. is a symptom of emphysema
d. increases tidal volume
e. has no measurable respiratory effects
54. Bob has a normal respiration rate of 10 breaths/min. His normal tidal volume is 750mL, and the
amount of anatomical dead space is 150mL. When the first AnS 214 exam rolls around, Bob sees
his exam and begins to hyperventilate. His respiration rate jumps up to 40 breaths/min, and tidal
volume increases to 2150mL. What was the increase in Bob's alveolar ventilation rate (in L/min)?
a. 74,000
b. 80,000
c. 980
d. 80
e. 74
55. Boyle's law
a. delineates the direct relationship between volume and pressure
b. states that the total pressure of a mixed gas is the sum of the partial pressures of its
constituents
c. explains why inspiration and expiration are possible
d. explains why it is difficult to make soup at high altitude
e. a and c are correct
56. Inspiration requires all of the following, except
a. contraction of the diaphragm
b. rise in thoracic volume
c. rise in intrapulmonary pressure
d. flow of air down is pressure gradient
e. all of the following are required for inspiration
57. All of the following are true about alveoli and surface tension, except that
a. ype II alveolar cell secretions are accountable for residual lung volume
b. high attraction between non-polar water molecules in the alveoli tries to collapse
these sacs
c. DPPC is produced to prevent the closing of alveoli
d. neonates born prior to initiation of surfactant secretion (premature) would not be able to
breathe
e. all of the above are correct
58. Expired air consists mostly of
a. CO2
b. O2
c. Bicarbonate
d. N2
e. H2O
59. Whole blood O2 content depends on all of the following except
a. PCO2
b. PO2
c. RBC count
d. Hemoglobin content
e. all of the above are correct
60. In a resting animal, hemoglobin saturation with O2 is at
a. 100%
b. 97%
c. 75%
d. variable, depending on the N2 levels of the air
e. impossible to determine without knowing the species in question
61. According to the hemoglobin saturation curve discussed in class
a. hemoglobin affinity for O2 drops at increasing PO2
b. hemoglobin saturation follows a hyperbolic relationship with respect to PO2
c. nearly all carried O2 is released at regular PO2 of the tissues
d. alveolar PO2 is 60 mmHg higher than that of the tissues
e. none of the above are correct
62. Which of the following is incorrect about drops in blood pH
a. is a consequence of CO2 expulsion from tissues
b. will increase respiration rate
c. causes a rise in the affinity of hemoglobin for O2
d. can be seen as a rightwards (downward) shift in the hemoglobin saturation curve
e. results in more O2 being unloaded to tissues
63. Which of the following stimuli (blood levels) are incorrectly matched to their effect?
a. increased PO2 : decreased respiration rate
b. decreased 2,3-DPG : increased oxyhemoglobin levels
c. increased PCO2 : increased respiration rate
d. decreased temperature : increased O2 hemoglobin saturation
e. all of the above appear correctly matched
64. Myoglobin
a. is found in all muscle
b. has a O2 saturation curve to the left of that of hemoglobin
c. releases O2 to mitochondria at higher PO2 tissue levels than hemoglobin
d. transfers O2 to hemoglobin during times oxygen debt
e. none of the above are correct
65. Which of the following is true with respect to O2/CO2 exchange on the RBC?
a. carbonic anhydrase is required at the tissue level, and carbonic antihydrase at the alveolar
level
b. chloride shift refers to the movement of Cl on and off the RBC to balance cellular pH
during bicarbonate expulsion
c. CO2 waste is expelled as bicarbonate by tissue cells, but requires an RBC to re-form the
gas at the alveolar level
d. carbonic anhydrase is directly responsible for the formation of carbonic acid
e. all of the above are correct
66. The single greatest factor responsible for respiration rate is
a. PO2
b. blood pH
c. PCO2
d. atmospheric N2 levels
e. activity status of animal
67. Dalton’s Law
a. That each gas in a mixture of gases exerts pressure in proportion to its percentage in
the total mixture
b. Explains why it is difficult to make soup at high altitude
c. That the amount of gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure
of the gas.
d. All of the above
68. Henry’s Law
a. That each gas in a mixture of gases exerts pressure in proportion to its percentage in the
total mixture
b. Explains why it is difficult to make soup at high altitude
c. That the amount of gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial
pressure of the gas.
d. All of the above
ESSAY TOPICS
Below are sample essay questions. For each, draft the response you would provide on an actual
exam. Use key words and topic sentences to make an outline of a potential essay. Make sure to
draw any diagrams required. Note: Most of these questions can most easily be answered with a
schematic representation accompanied by brief descriptions of the drawn elements. In other
words: if it helps – DRAW A PICTURE.
The Digestive System:
1) Describe the process involved in the formation of HCl in the stomach.
2) Trace a piece of steak from its entry in the esophagus, to its absorption in the small intestine.
Be able to do the same for a piece of lard, or a cracker.
3) Describe the mechanisms promoting secretion and release of bile and pancreatic juice. After
indicating what mechanisms stimulate secretions, indicate what mechanisms inhibit gastric and
intestinal motility.
4) Describe the process of rumination. Trace food/feed from the mouth to the abomasum. Include
the rumination cycle.
The Respiratory System:
1) List and define the 4 laws of gas exchange and explain the application of each in respiration.
2) Recreate the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve and restate, in your own words, the concepts
represented by the curve. Explain the effects of pH , temperature, 2,3 DPG on the curve.
3) Trace the path of gas exchange from the larynx to the alveoli. Distinguish between the
conductive zone and respiratory zone. Describe the muscles that are important for inspiration and
expiration and state which is passive and which is an active process.