Download Name - My CCSD

Name: ______________________________________
Per: ________ Date: ___________________
Chapter 2: First Civilizations: Africa and Asia (3200 B.C.–500 B.C.)
Section 1: Ancient Kingdoms of the Nile
Geography of the Ancient Nile Valley
“Egypt is wholly the gift of the Nile.” – Herodotus
People settled and established farming villages along the ____________________.
_____________________ depended on annual floods to soak the land and deposit a layer of silt, or rich soil.
Egyptians had to cooperate to control the Nile, building dikes, reservoirs, and irrigation ditches.
Rulers used the Nile to link and unite _________________ and ____________________ Egypt.
The Nile served as a trade route connecting Egypt to Africa, the Middle East, and the Mediterranean world.
Three Kingdoms of Ancient Egypt
OLD
KINGDOM
Pharaohs organized a
strong central state,
were absolute rulers,
and were considered
__________.
Egyptians built
pyramids at _________.
Power struggles, crop
failures, and cost of
pyramids contributed to
the collapse of the Old
Kingdom.
MIDDLE
KINGDOM
Large _______________
project created arable
farmland.
____________ had contacts
with Middle East and Crete.
Corruption and
__________________ were
common.
____________ invaded and
occupied the delta region.
NEW
KINGDOM
Powerful pharaohs
created a large empire
that reached the
______________ River.
Hatshepsut encouraged
______________.
Ramses II expanded
Egyptian rule to
_______________.
Egyptian power
__________________.
Egypt and Nubia
For centuries, Egypt traded or fought with ____________________.
During the New Kingdom, Egypt ________________________ Nubia.
•
Nubians served in Egyptian _______________ and influenced Egyptian ___________________.
•
Egyptian __________________ from this period shows Nubian soldiers, musicians, or prisoners.
When Egypt declined, ____________________ conquered Egypt.
•
_______________ did not see themselves as conquerors. They respected Egyptian ________________.
Section 2: Egyptian Civilization
Egyptian Religious Beliefs
•
Belief that many gods and goddesses ruled the ________________ and the ___________________.
- Amon-Re was the ______________ god.
- ___________________ was the god of the underworld and of the Nile.
- The pharaoh was believed to be a god as well as a monarch.
•
Belief in __________________ ___________ after death.
- Relied on the Book of the Dead to help them through the afterworld.
- Practiced ____________________________, the preservation of the body for use in the next life.
Ancient Egypt: A Center of Learning & Culture
Advances in Learning
Advances in the Arts
Developed a form of picture writing called
__________________________________.
Statues, paintings, and writings tell us about
ancient Egyptian values and attitudes.
Doctors diagnosed and cured illnesses,
performed surgery, and developed medicines
still used today.
Developed ___________________ style that
remained unchanged for thousands of years.
Developed 12-month _________________ on
which modern calendar is based.
Astronomers mapped constellations and
charted movement of the _________________.
Developed practical geometry.
Skilled in design and ____________________.
Wrote hymns and prayers to the gods,
proverbs, love poems, stories of victory in
battle, and folk tales.
Built ___________________ and other great
buildings, such as temple of Ramses II.
Class System in Ancient Egypt
PHARAOH
Earthly leader; considered a _______________
HIGH PRIESTS AND PRIESTESSES
Served gods and goddesses
NOBLES
Fought _________________________ wars
MERCHANTS, SCRIBES, AND ARTISANS
Made furniture, jewelry, and fabrics for pharaohs and nobles, and provided for other needs
PEASANT FARMERS AND SLAVES
Worked in the _______________ and served the _____________________
Section 3: Ancient Sumer
The Fertile Crescent
•
The Fertile Crescent is the fertile land between the ______________ and ___________________ rivers.
The first civilization in the Fertile Crescent was discovered in ____________________________.
•
As in Egypt, these fertile lands supported the development of civilization.
•
_______________________ along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers had to work together.
•
The first _______________________ cities emerged in southern Mesopotamia around 3200 B.C.
Sumerian Civilization
GOVERNMENT
SOCIAL STRUCTURE
City-states with hereditary
________________.
Each state had distinct social
hierarchy, or system of ranks.
____________ led army in
war and enforced laws.
Most people were peasant
_________________.
Complex government with
scribes to collect taxes
and keep records.
_________________ had legal
rights; some engaged in trade
and owned property.
RELIGION
_________________ many
gods.
Believed gods controlled
every aspect of _________.
Saw afterlife as a
_____________ place.
To keep the gods happy,
each city built a ziggurat,
or pyramid temple.
Advances in Sumerian Learning
•
Developed ______________________, believed to be the earliest form of writing.
•
Developed basic algebra and geometry.
•
Made accurate _______________________, essential to a farming society.
•
Made the first ________________________ vehicles.
Compare: Geography
Egypt
•
_____________ __________________
•
Sahara Desert
•
Close to _______________________________ Sea
•
Close to Red Sea
Sumer
•
_____________________ River
•
_____________________ River
•
Close to Persian Gulf
•
__________________ ____________________ b/w rivers
•
Arabian Desert to West
•
Close to Mediterranean Sea
Compare: Religion
Egypt
•
Polytheistic (except for Akenaton)
•
_______________________ is ‘god on earth’
•
Belief in _____________________ afterlife
•
Elaborate burials-pyramids, mummies
Sumer
•
Polytheistic
•
Gods behave like ______________________ ______________________.
•
_______________________ - pyramid shaped temple to the god/goddess.
•
Sacrifices
•
Afterlife is ____________________.
Compare: Economy
Egypt
•
__________________: gold, art, pottery, etc.
•
Farming
Sumer
• _________________ natural resources
•
Trade: pottery, art
•
Farming
Compare: Government
Egypt
•
Pharaoh- _____________ on earth. Preserve justice and order.
•
___________________ - chief minister. Supervised taxes, farming, irrigation
Sumer
•
Ruler for each ____________ - ________________ was in charge of: walls, irrigation, taxes, records.
•
Ruler was chief servant to the ________________, led ceremonies to please them.
Compare: Social Structure
Egypt
•
Pharaoh
•
Nobles, priests
•
Artisans, merchants, scribes
•
Farmers
•
Slaves
•
Women have _______________________.
Sumer
•
Social ____________________________ (system of ranks).
•
Highest: ruling class, leading officials, high priests
•
Middle: lesser priests, scribes, merchants, artisans
•
Lower: peasant farmers
•
Slaves
•
Women have rights: __________________ in early times, ________________ later on.
Compare: Achievements
Egypt
•
Pyramids
•
_________________: hieroglyphics, demotic
•
Medicine
•
Astronomy
•
Geometry
Sumer
•
Ziggurat
•
Writing: ______________________________.
•
Algebra
•
Geometry
•
Astronomy
Section 4: Invaders, Traders, and Empire Builders
•
How did early empires arise in Mesopotamia?
•
How did ideas and technology spread?
•
How did the Persians unite a huge empire?
•
What contributions did the Phoenicians make?
Invaders, Traders, and Empire Builders
•
A series of strong __________ united the lands of the Fertile Crescent into well organized empires.
•
Again and again, ________________ warriors invaded the rich cities of the Fertile Crescent. Some
looted and burned the cities. Others stayed to rule them.
•
2300 B.C. –Sargon, the ruler of Akkad, conquered ____________ and built the first known empire.
•
1790 B.C.– ________________________, King of Babylon, united the Babylonian empire.
Babylonians
•
Located in the Fertile Crescent.
•
Invaders from the Arabian Desert entered Mesopotamia and seized the city-state of ________________.
•
Hammurabi (hah moo RAH bee) became the ________________.
•
____________________ took control of the Sumerian city-states in lower Mesopotamia and established
the Babylonian empire.
•
Adopted many _____________________________ practices.
The Code of Hammurabi
• Hammurabi’s code was the first attempt by a ruler to ___________________, or arrange and set down in
writing, all of the laws that would govern a state.
• One section codified ___________________ ______________, the branch of law that deals with offenses
against others, such as robbery and murder.
• Another section codified _______________ _____________, the branch that deals with private rights and
matters, such as business contracts, taxes, and property inheritance.
Contributions to Civilization
• Hammurabi’s Code — ____________ laws—affected all aspects of life.
• Belief in __________________________.
Warfare and the Spread of Ideas
• _________________________ brought ideas and technologies to the conquered region.
• For example, when the ________________ conquered Mesopotamia, they brought the skill of
ironworking to that region.
• When the conquerors were in turn conquered, they moved ________________, spreading their ideas and
technologies.
• For example, when the Hittite empire was itself conquered, Hittite _______________________ migrated
to other regions and spread the secret of iron making across Asia, Africa, and Europe.
Hittites
•
War-like ___________________________ from Asia Minor; captured Babylon.
•
Eventually they withdrew, but occupied the ____________________ part of the Fertile Crescent.
Contributions to Civilization
•
First to make widespread use of iron for ________________ and ____________________.
•
Horse-drawn _______________________ in battle.
•
System of laws with punishments that were _______________ severe than Hammurabi’s.
Assyrians
•
Ruthless conquerors — overran Phoenicia, Palestine, Babylonia.
•
Empire ________________________ in the world to that point in history.
•
Used bows and iron-tipped arrows, battering rams, and the first to use men on horseback.
•
______________________ terrorized people with acts of violence and torture.
•
Lasted 150 years before being destroyed by the _____________________ and ___________________.
Contributions to Civilization
•
First to set up an effective system for ______________________ an empire.
•
Built a great __________________ in Nineveh. It had thousands of clay tablets that have told us much
about the ancient Middle East.
Chaldeans
•
Helped overthrow the ______________________.
•
Took control of the Fertile Crescent and established the 2nd Babylonian Empire.
•
________________________________ is king.
•
Rebuilt _____________________ into the largest and most impressive city in the ancient world.
Contributions to Civilization
•
“Hanging Gardens” on rooftops in Babylon. Greeks called them one of the “seven wonders of the
world.”
•
Further advancement in _______________________ by accurate observations of the sun, moon, planets,
and stars.
Persians
•
Chaldean Empire ______________________ after the death of Nebuchadnezzar.
•
New Persian Empire extended for 3,000 miles from _______________ to ___________________.
•
Lasted 200 years, reaching its height under King _______________________.
The Persian Empire
• _____________ the Great and his successors conquered the largest empire yet seen, from Asia Minor to
India.
• Emperor ______________________ unified the Persian empire.
• Divided empire into provinces, each headed by a governor, called a __________________. This form of
government became a model for later rulers.
• Drew up ______________________ code of laws for empire.
• Had hundreds of miles of roads built or repaired to aid _______________________ and encourage unity.
• Set up common set of __________________ and _______________________ to improve trade.
•
Introduced a uniform system of coinage and encouraged a _________________ ___________________.
• Religious ideas of _______________________ also helped to unite the empire.
Contributions to Civilization
•
Set up well-organized _________________________.
•
Divided into provinces and directed by a “satrap.”
•
Built _______________ to speed trade and movement of armies.
•
Allowed conquered people to keep their religion, laws, and local customs.
•
“ __________________ __________________”—the exchange of ways of living—took place between
various groups in the empire.
•
Accepted teachings of the prophet Zorocaster.
Phoenicians
•
Lived north of _______________________ along the Mediterranean coast.
•
Became skilled ____________________ and _____________, and traded throughout the Mediterranean.
•
Established many colonies, including the great city of __________________________ in North Africa.
The Phoenicians
• Occupied string of cities along the eastern Mediterranean coast.
• Made _________________ from sand and purple dye from a tiny sea snail.
• Called “_________________ of civilization” because they spread Middle Eastern civilization around the
Mediterranean.
• Invented the _____________________. An alphabet contains letters that represent spoken sounds.
Contributions to Civilization
•
__________________ carried the products and cultures of the Middle East to less advanced peoples.
•
The most notable contribution of theses people was the ______________________. The Greeks and
Romans later made some changes that resulted in the alphabet we use today.
Section 5: The Roots of Judaism
• What were the main events in the early history of the Israelites?
• How did the Jews view their relationship with God?
• What moral and ethical ideas did the prophets teach?
Hebrews
•
The ideas & beliefs of the Hebrews, or Jews, are known as ____________________.
•
______________________ founded Judaism.
•
Lived in Egypt for several hundred years, but were forced into slavery. ____________ led them out of
Egypt.
•
They recorded their history and religious beliefs in the _________ ___________________________.
Early History of the Israelites
• 2000 B.C.–Abraham migrates from Mesopotamia to Canaan, where he
founds the Israelite nation.
• Famine forces Israelites to migrate to Egypt, where they are enslaved.
• Moses leads the Israelites out of Egypt.
• Israelites enter Canaan, the promised land.
• 1000 B.C.–David unites Israelites into kingdom of Israel.
• Solomon builds capital at Jerusalem, but his rule inspires revolts
• 922 B.C.–Kingdom weakens after splitting into Israel and Judah.
• 722 B.C.–Assyrians conquer Israel.
• 586 B.C.–Babylonians capture Judah – Babylonian Captivity.
• Persians conquer Babylon and free the Jews from captivity.
Judaism
• The Israelites were __________________________, believing in one true God. At the time, most other
people worshiped many gods.
• The Israelites believed ______________ to be all-knowing, all-powerful, and present everywhere.
• The Israelites believed that they were God’s “ _________________ ________________.”
• They believed that ________________ would lead them to the “promised land.”
Teachings on Law and Morality
• The laws of the _______________ address all aspects of life, from cleanliness and food preparation to
criminal matters.
• Jews believe that God gave them a set of laws called the ________ ___________________________.
• Jewish _____________, or spiritual leaders, preached a code of ethics, or moral standards of behavior.
• Examples:
• The rich and powerful must protect the poor and weak.
• All people are equal under ___________________.
• Unlike many ancient people, the Jews believed their _______________ were fully human and bound by
___________________ law.
Contributions to Civilization
•
Practicing monotheism.
•
High moral conduct: Ten Commandments.
•
Influenced ____________________ and ____________ through its emphasis on monotheism and moral
principles.
Civilization Peaks
•
Sumerians:
3500-1792 BC
•
Babylonians:
1792-1650 BC
•
Hittites:
1650-1200 BC
•
Hebrews:
1200-586 BC
•
Phoenicians:
1000-700 BC
•
Assyrians:
750-605 BC
•
Chaldeans:
605-550 BC
•
Persians:
525-331 BC