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Shostakovich’s Symphony No. 5
In the 1930s, the Soviet Union reeled under the purges of Joseph Stalin. Every person knew the terror of losing a
family member to the gulag, or to a death sentence. Official government decrees defined truth and beauty.
Traditional composers were declared decadent and their music forbidden. Only Beethoven survived the ban.
In this environment Dmitri Shostakovich, the greatest Soviet composer, found himself heavily scrutinized.
Shostakovich was only 26 when he completed Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District(1934). The opera featured a
racy plot set to avant-garde music and premiered to critical and popular acclaim. Two years later, three different
productions were running in Moscow.
Then Stalin himself went to a performance. The next morning the state newspaper Pravdacondemned the work,
saying it corrupted the Soviet spirit. The opera disappeared overnight and every publication and political
organization in the country heaped personal attacks on its composer.
Shostakovich lived in fear, sleeping in the stairwell outside his apartment to spare his family the experience of his
imminent arrest.
Unsure about its reception, Shostakovich rejected his own Fourth Symphony while in rehearsal. Instead he
premiered Symphony No. 5, obsequiously subtitled "A Soviet Artist's Response to Just Criticism." As required, the
work displayed lyricism, a heroic tone and inspiration from Russian literature. Still, many hear a subtext of critical
despair beneath the crowd-pleasing melodies.
First Movement
Instead of writing in the approved ultra-nationalist style, Shostakovich wrote his Fifth Symphony on the model
pioneered by Beethoven; he begins his symphony with a sonata, albeit with a hesitant feel. By the third bar of the
piece things goes wrong. The music breaks off abruptly and shrugs its way downward to a dead end in an implacable
repetition of three notes.
This pattern recurs throughout the symphony: assertive statement, apprehensive retraction, dead end.
The next theme is derived from a folk song recognizable to the Soviet audience. By changing just one note,
however, Shostakovich shifts the meaning of the music. He fulfils the official mandate of celebrating Slavic culture,
but the minor shift suggests emotional shadings beyond simple admiration.
More drastic changes of mood come from cutting between extremes of range and instrumentation. The piano and
basses lurch in with a version of the dead end theme, followed by winds, brass and percussion. The music becomes
militaristic and drives forward. The strings and winds burst out with the sad tunes they played at the beginning. The
brass and percussion hammer home what seems to be the ultimate dead end.
Finally, other themes tentatively make their way back to the opening theme. In the last bars the opening motif
returns, scored to suggest that the struggle isn't over.
Second Movement
When he was eight years old, Shostakovich's family moved into a comfortable apartment in St. Petersburg. In the
city he wrote and played music for the theater, ballet, circuses—and the movies. Shostakovich wrote the music for
over thirty films, including a science fiction melodrama, Aelita: Queen of Mars (1924).
The second movement of Symphony No. 5 is drawn from the same goofy, ironic material as his film scores. The
movement is a spoof on waltzes. Shostakovich draws a musical picture of a dance floor. There are peasants in their
heavy boots, a wise guy on his squeaky clarinet, and a deluxe dance master with his little kit violin.
Third Movement
In the period of Stalin's brutal purges, authorities interpreted crying in public as criticism of the regime's actions and
a punishable offense. Despite this, the third movement of the Fifth, a requiem, made many weep openly at its
premiere.
Shostakovich's audience would have recognized the piece's references to the liturgy of the Russian Orthodox Church
with the strings arranged to give the impression of a choir.
An oboe soloist, accompanied by a shiver of strings, plays the loneliest tune in the symphony. The full force of the
lament bursts out as the double basses shriek. Then the rest of the orchestra screams into the noise, coming at last to
another dead end. As in the first movement, the music wanders its way back to an exhausted close.
Shostakovich lost three close family members to the prison camps. In 1937, Shostakovich himself was summoned
for interrogation. Ironically, Shostakovich only escaped because his interrogator was arrested before his appointment
came. For the rest of his life Shostakovich had to issue condemnations of other composers, just as they had of him.
Often he wrote a piece that mattered to him, only to hide it for years.
Fourth Movement
With his fate hanging in the balance, Shostakovich had to come up with an upbeat ending for his Fifth Symphony.
Concluding with the melancholy of the third movement was not an option. However, the celebratory mood of the
fourth movement sounds forced to some ears.
The movement begins with a string of march-like themes filled with swaggering attitude. The pace of the piece
grows and the orchestra swirls with musical currents that burst with triumph – until all hope is dashed by another
dead end.
The music that follows suggests quiet remembrance of those who are gone.
In a traditional symphony, we might expect a brisk march at this point, sweeping us on to victory. Instead, a dead
slow march begins. Audiences recognized the musical reference toBoris Godunov – the opera in which crowds are
forced to praise the Tsar.
Finally, with a great deal of effort, Shostakovich reveals his triumphant ending. As in the first movement, there is
one expressively altered note, though. Not B natural, confirming the happy major version of the scale, but B flat,
which delivers the sad minor version.
After so much time making his way to the major scale why does Shostakovich return to minor at the end? Perhaps it
is his signal that the happy harmonies of the ending are as false as a Potemkin village.
Shostakovich's Symphony No. 5 reflected his situation as an artist who would be judged by politics as much as by
talent. Although some audiences heard condemnation of the government through inflections of despair, Stalin found
the politics of the music acceptable and Shostakovich won a reprieve – at least for another decade.