Download 閱讀本文

Renaissance Literature
董崇選
中山醫大應用外語系教授
「懂更懂學習英文網站」負責人
網址：dgdel.nchu.edu.tw
I. Renaissance 的含義:
–
A French word meaning “rebirth”
Man and the World resurrected (復活).
The revival of humanism.
–
“How beauteous mankind is! Oh brave new world
That has such people in it!” --The Tempest
“This goodly frame, the earth ... this most excellent
canopy, the air, look you, this brave o’er-hanging
firmament, this majestical roof fretted with golden fire.”
“What a piece of work is a man! How noble in
reason! how infinite in faculty! in form, in moving,
how express and admirable! in action how like an
angel! in apprehension how like a god!” --Hamlet
II. Renaissance 的時空:
–
–
–
–
1321 (Dante died) ~ 1600
the end of 14th C. to about 1600
1350 ~ 1650
the Age of da Vinci, Cervantes, and
Shakespeare 達文西、塞凡提斯、莎士比亞
–
the Age of Protestant Reformation 宗教改革
–
the Age of Discovery 地理大發現
– in Italy, France, Spain, England, Germany,
Holland, etc.
III. Renaissance 的背景
1. Geographical Explorations:
– The Polos, Dias, the Crusaders, Columbus,
da Gama, Magellan, etc.
馬可波羅、狄亞士、十字軍、哥倫布、
達迦瑪、麥哲倫 等
2. Scientific Discoveries:
– Newton, Galileo, Copernicus, Kepler
牛頓、伽利略、哥白尼、喀卜勒
III. Renaissance 的背景:
3. Invention & Spread of Printing
Johannes Gutenberg’s movable type:
古 頓保 發明 活字版
4. Fall of Constantinople
The Turks, the Greek scholars
君士坦丁堡陷入土耳其人手中，希腊學者四散
5. Movement of Protestantism
新教徒 (抗議教徒) 之運動
IV. Renaissance 的文學
In Italy:
Petrarch (佩脫拉克) : Sonnets to Laura
Sonnets to Laura in Life. Sonnets to Laura in Death
A sonnet is a 14-line poem usually expressing Ideal Love.
Such love is pure, lofty, undying.
Petrarch’s sonnets have psychological subtleties but no philosophical
depth. The poet is melancholy in contemplation of Beauty. He
popularized the verse form.
Boccaccio (薄迦邱) : Decameron 《十日譚》
100 prose tales supposedly told by 10 young men and women
who had fled from Florence and were whiling away ten idle days
in a villa near Fiesole by telling stories to each other.
“Federigo’s Falcon”: Monna
Pulci, Boiardo, Ariosto : Romantic epics
A Petrachan (Italian) Sonnet:
1 octave + 1 sestet
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
The Long Love That in My Thought Doth Harbor
The long love that in my thought doth harbor,
And in mine heart doth keep his residence,
Into my face presseth with bold pretense
And therein campeth, spreading his banner.
She that me learneth to love and suffer
And will that my trust and lust’s negligence
Be reined by reason, shame, and reverence
With his hardiness taketh displeasure.
Wherewithal unto the heart’s forest he fleeth,
Leaving his enterprise with pain and cry,
And there him hideth, and not appeareth.
What may I do, when my master feareth,
But in the field with him to live and die?
For good is the life ending faithfully.
a
b
b
a
a
b
b
a
c
d
e
e
d
(c)
--Wyatt’s version
of Petrach’s
Sonnetto in Vita 91
rhyme scheme
Petrarchan conceit
long love = warrior
See also:
Surrey’s translation
IV. Renaissance 的文學:
In Italy
Machiavelli (馬基維利): The Prince《王者》
the lion & the fox: 獅猛狐猾
Castiglione (卡斯提禮用): The Book of the Courtier
《庭臣寶鑑》
Cellini (伽利尼) : Autobiography 自傳
Commedia dell’arte: 藝人喜劇
Comedy of the professional actors.
Skeletal scenarios, improvised detail, rigidly typed roles.
Tasso (塔索): Aminta, Jerusalem Delivered
IV. Renaissance 的文學:
In Spain:
1. the picaresque novel :浪漢小說
A picaresque narrative is an episodic depiction of the adventures of a picaro
(“rogue” 惡棍 or “picaroon” 浪漢), whose knavery implicates him in imbroglios
which take him from one social class to another. Frequently, he is a social
parasite or a person of low estate who manages to exploit those in more
elevated positions. The narrative often has realistic detail and tends to be
coarse and bawdy.
Lazarillo de Tormes: by an unknown author
2.Cervantes (塞凡提斯): Don Quixote 《唐．吉訶德》
To ridicule chivalry (俠義、俠氣)
Don Quixote vs. Sancho Panza represents Mind & imagination vs. Sense &
practicality
3. Lope de Vega, Tirso de Molina,
CalderÒn de la Barca
IV. Renaissance 的文藝:
In Northern Europe & France
1. 荷蘭 Erasmus (伊拉斯瑪斯):
In Praise of Folly 《愚蠢頌》
An essay with orations, a catalyst of the Protestant Reformation.
Folly praises self-deception and madness and satirizes Catholic
doctrine and corrupt practices.
2. 德國 Martin Luther (馬丁路德):
(95 theses at Wittenberg)
3. 法國 John Calvin (喀爾文): 《基督教機制》
The Institutes of the Christian Religion
IV. Renaissance 的文藝:
In France
1. Villon (維龍)：The Ballade of Dead Ladies (敘事詩)
Refrain: “But where are the snows of yesteryear?”
Theme: the transitoriness of love and beauty
2. Rabelais (拉伯雷): Gargantua and Pantagruel 《巨人傳》
The tallest of tall stories about giant-heroes who eat enormously and drink
prodigiously and jest wildly.
The two giants and Panurge, a knave, libertine & coward
3. Montaigne (蒙田): Essays 《散文集》
“Of Cannibals,” “Of Age,” “Of Glory,” “Of Experience,” etc.
「... 無知者，更易講真實...。」 「... 野人，猶如野果罷了... 。」
“All things, says Plato, are produced either by nature, by fortune, or by art; the
greatest and most beautiful by the one or the other of the former, the least and the
most imperfect by the last.”
4. Ronsard & others of the Pleiad: 七詩人
IV. Renaissance 的文藝:
In England:
1. More (摩爾): Utopia《烏托邦》
Raphael Hythloday travels to the imaginary island country, where
there is no private property, men and women are educated alike,
and all religions are tolerated, but no atheism is allowed.
2. Spenser (史賓塞): The Fairy Queen《仙后》
3. Lyly (李利): Euphues 《優菲士》Euphuism(優菲體)
4. Bacon (培根): Essays 論文集
“Of Truth,” “Of Death,” “Of Love,” “Of Friendship,” etc.
「死亡能為人打開美譽之門，消除妒忌；活時受人忌恨的，死後便
也 為人尊敬。」
IV. Renaissance 的文藝:
In England
5. Sidney (席德尼): Astrophel and Stella,
The Countess of Penbroke’s Arcadia
An Apology for Poetry ： 詩人是2nd deity, art 勝 nature
6. Marlowe (馬羅):
Dr. Faustus 《浮士德博士》: 賣soul 求 pleasure & knowledge 24年
7. Ben Jonson (姜生):
comedies of humor 性格喜劇
Volpone (The Fox): satirizing greed or avarice
8. Shakespeare (莎士比亞): sonnets: (154)
plays: King Lear, As You Like It, Henry IV, The Tempest, etc.
悲劇、喜劇、歷史劇、傳奇劇
A Shakespearean (English) Sonnet
•
•
•
•
•
Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day?
Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?
a
Thou art more lovely and more temperate;
b
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
a
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date;
b
•
•
•
•
Sometimes too hot the eye of heaven shines,
And often is his gold complexion dimmed;
And every fair from fair declines,
By chance, or nature’s changing course, untrimmed.
•
•
•
•
But thou eternal summer shall not fade,
Nor lose possession of that fair thou owest;
Nor shall Death brag thou wanderest in his shade
When in eternal lines thou growest.
•
•
So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,
So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
c
d
c
d
3 quatrains
+
1 couplet
e
f
e
f
g
g
V. Renaissance 的結論
–
–
–
The Renaissance ushered Europe into a brand-new
world. (引領歐洲進入新世界)
The Renaissance bridges medieval and modern
times. (銜接中古與現代)
The Renaissance is the revival of humanism, the
rebirth of man’s questioning and questing spirit.
(人文主義復活，再生探索求知精神)
–
–
•
The Renaissance reawakened individualism &
secularism. (喚起個人主義與世俗主義)
The Renaissance restored the interest in classical
Greek and Roman culture. (恢復對古典希羅文化之興趣)