Download Cold War

Cold War
Underlying cause political and
economic differences between
superpowers US and Soviet Union
It was cold because the two
superpowers did not engage each
other directly in war
Mutually assured Destruction
• Atom Bomb acquired by Soviets meant having
so many weapons in the arms race to acquire
greater and greater numbers of more powerful
weapons that both sides would be destroyed
totally in an all out war
• Limited war was a war to achieve specific goals
rather than the total defeat of the enemy
• Why did Robert Oppenheimer oppose
development of the hydrogen bomb? Research
online
• Limited Test Ban Treaty
Containment
• George Kennan – American diplomat who
stressed the need to contain communism and
led us to our Viet Nam involvement and Korean
involvement and Berlin airlift involvement
• Greece was being invaded by communists
• The Balkan countries were placed behind the
Iron Curtain as Churchill termed it as satellite
states of the Soviets - Yugoslavia… even
though Yalta said they would self determine by
election
Iron Curtain
• Churchill
• Berlin Wall
• Berlin Airlift
Marshall Plan
• Paid for European reconstruction
• North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO)European France, UK, Germany…
SEATO SouthEast Asia Treaty
Organization Australia, Thailand, UK…,
French in Viet Nam…
• John Foster Dulles policy of massive
retaliation brinksmanship that was
powerless in Hungarian uprising against
the Russians
Collective Security
• Deterrence
• Potsdam Conference weeks after VE Day
Stalin, Churchill, and Truman—as well as
Attlee, who participated alongside
Churchill while awaiting the outcome of the
election and then replaced Churchill as
Prime Minister to decide how to administer
Germany
GI Bill of Rights
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National Defense Education Act
Geneva Accords on prisoner rights
Nuremburg Trials of Nazi war criminal
Imperialism still in Suez crisis in Egypt
We withdrew our offer to build the Aswan Dam
when Egypt made agreements with Communists
so they nationalized Suez canal Brits built
• Eisenhower Doctrine said we would help in
MidEast anticoimmunists
United Nations
• Permanent Security Council
US
• Great Britain
• France
• China
• Soviet
• Elected nonpermanent 10
Red Scare –fear of communism
within and outside US
• McCarthyism- term used to describe
extreme reckless charges such as those
used by Senator McCarthy in hearings
• Eisenhower Doctrine- US policy to to use
force to help countries fend off
communism in the Mid-East
• Had occurred during 1917-1920 also
• Truman Doctrine US policy to aid fighting
off communist interference
Truman v Eisenhower Doctrine
• Truman was containment and aid to
anyone who fought communism expansion
forcing the will of the minority on majority
but wanted only limited region based war
IKE Eisenhower Doctrine
• Eisenhower was brinksmanship under
Dulles with aid in the Mideast (developing
countries) to counter communist threat
after Egyptian Suez Crises. where US did
not back Israel, England and France in yet
Eisenhower wanted massive retaliation all weapons available response in war
• Marshall Plan and these Doctrines were
designed to prevent the spread of
communism
Suez Crises
• US did not back Israel, England and
France takeover after Egypt nationalized
Suez Canal with 80% of oil shipments to
Europe at that time
Is Dulles too fat to be a super hero? Do you believe he will save
Uncle Sam or push him over?
Julius Rosenberg
• American convicted for espionage and
executed for passing on nuclear secrets to
Soviets
• Alger Hiss
• Loyalty Review Board - An effort by
President Truman to find communists
within the American government because
of the increasing communist fear
HUAC
• Loyalty Review Board
• Hollywood Ten The first systematic
Hollywood blacklist was instituted on
November 25, 1947, the day after ten
writers and directors charged with
contempt for refusing to testify for the
House Committee on Un-American
Activities
HUAC end
• hearings convened March 1954 and
received considerable press attention, TV
coverage to June and greatly contributed
to McCarthy's decline in popularity He
was censured by the Senate the following
December.
Douglas MacArthur
• General in charge at start of Korean War
and in charge of Japan until 1950 making
them over into a democratic republic
• Believed in the Interventionism that
replaced American Isolationism after WWII
Satellite state
• Weaker country under control of a
stronger country
• Mandate - a command or authorization to
act in a particular way on a public issue
given by the electorate to its
representative
• Berlin Airlift limited satellite comunist
expansion
China had a civil war between
communists and corrupt KaiShek
Nationalists
• Mao Zedong and actress wife won
• Nationalists retreated to Taiwan under
Jiang Jieshi
Korea
• United Nations Forces with the US fought
alongside S Korea
• China fought alongside N Korea
• Truce set border at 38th parallel
Consequences of CIA in 1950’s
• The Ugly American picking the corrupt
side as long as they were ANTICOMMUNIST and led to
• Long term resentment of the US
• Francis Gary Powers capture by Russian
of U2 pilot
• Brinksmanship
• Flexible response
• Massive retaliation
Internal Security Act
The McCarran Internal Security Act, also
known as the Subversive Activities Control
Act of 1950 was in response to the Cold
War during which many perceived a threat
of violent and forcible over-throw of the
U.S. government by U.S. Communists. It
required members of the Communist party
to register with the attorney general,
provide lists of members.
HUAC
• House UnAmerican Activities Committee
• Created in 1938 to investigate subversive
activities by communists or fascists
• It was abolished in 1975 and its subject
put under Judiciary Committee
1950’s Consumerism
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Highway Act by Eisenhower Interstate
Leviuttown planned communities
Suburbs
Baby boom
Beat movement
Rock ‘ roll
Taft-Hartley Act
Planned obsolence
Dr Jonas Salk polio vaccine
Women and African Americans
• Senator Margaret Chase Smith from
magazine empire
Dixiecrats in 1948 were Democrats who
wanted segregation. The group was
shortlived.
• Modern Republicanism of Eisenhower
was somewhat liberal in Fiscal and
Domestic affairs, while remaining
conservative in global affairs.
Eisenhower –peaceful
coexistance?
• Suez Crisis
• Suez Canal opened to traffic in November
1869. It was built by Frenchman Ferdinand
de Lesseps using Egyptian forced labor;an
estimated 120,000 workers died during
construction. It is 120 miles between the
Mediterranean and the Red Sea. It is 984ft
wide at its narrowest point. By 1955
approximately two-thirds of Europe's oil
passed through the canal
Suez Crises
• By 1955 approximately two-thirds of Europe's oil passed
through the canal. The waterway closed 1967 due to the
Six Day War, reopened 1975.
• About 7.5% of world sea trade is carried via the canal
today.
• Receipts from the canal July 2005 to May 2006 totaled
$3billion and 18,193 vessels passed through the canal
• Israeli forces began arriving in Egypt on 29 October
1956 at the start of "Operation Musketeer", a
combined mission with the British and French,
aimed at regaining control of the Suez Canal.