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Axillary lymph nods..
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Adel Majed Almunlf
433025168
1
Structures of the lymphatic
system

The lymphatic system is composed of
several specialized structures and
substances. The substance the entire
lymphatic system revolves around is the
fluid circulating through the lymphatic
system known as lymph. Lymph, a fluid
that is typically colorless, is similar to
blood and contains plasma. Lymph may
contain lipids, macrophages, hormones,
bacteria, viruses, cellular wasteproducts
and other cells.

The lymph travels through an extensive network of vessels
known as the lymphatic vessels. These vessels are
generously spread throughout the entire body, present in
nearly every tissue of the body. These vessels, similar to
the circulatory vessels, are composed of smaller lymphatic
capillaries that converge to form collecting vessels. These
vessels then merge even further to form what is known as a
lymphatic trunks, which give rise to the lymphatic ducts.
There are two major lymphatic ducts in the body; the right
lymphatic duct, which drains the right arm and right side of
the trunk, head and neck, and the thoracic duct, which
drains the remaining portions of the body.

Lastly, the lymph nodes are a small organ
the size of a pea, located numerously
throughout the body. These nodes serve as
the site of filtration for the myph fluid and
activate specialized cells found within the
lymph. The lymph nodes can become
swollen or enlarged when infection is
present.
Abdulrahman Alomair
434000049
2
Lymphatic system functions

The primary function of the
lymphatic system is to transport
lymph, a clear, colorless fluid
containing white blood cells that
helps the body to get rid of
toxins, waste and other
unwanted materials.
lymphatic system has multiple
interrelated functions

lymphatic system has
multiple interrelated
functions It is responsible
for the removal of interstitial
fluid from tissues.

It absorbs and transports
fatty acids and fats as chyle
from the digestive system .
It transports white blood cells to and
from the lymph nodes into the bones
.
 The lymph transports antigenpresenting cells (APCs), such as
dendritic cells, to the lymph nodes
where an immune response is
stimulated.

Adel Ali AlKenani
434000041
3
Anatomy of Axillary Lymph
Node
Anterior Group
Lie along the lower border of the
pectoralis minor behind the pectoralis
major muscle.
Receive lymph from the lateral part of
the breast and the superficial vessels
from the thoracoabdominal wall above
the level of the umbilicus.
Posterior Group

Lie in front of the subscapularis
muscle on the posterior wall of
the axilla.

They receive superficial lymph
vessels from the back, down as
far as the level of the iliac crests.
Lateral Group
Lie along the medial side of
the axillary vein.
They receive most of the
lymph vessels of the upper
limb.
Central Group
Lie in the central of the axilla and it it is
embedded in fat.
They receive lymph from :
Anterior group
Posterior group
Lateral group
Infraclavicular Group
Lie in the interval between the
deltoid and pectoralise major
muscle along the course of the
cephalic vein.
They receive lymph from the superficial
vessels from the lateral side of the hand,
the forearm and the arm.
The lymph vessels accompany the cephalic
vein.
Apical group
Lie at the apex of the axilla at the out
border of the first rib.
They receive lymph from all the other
axillary nodes.
Apical group
It drain into right
lymphatic trunk on the
right side.
It drain into the thoracic
duct on the left side.
Saud fahad abdulmajeed
434021079
4
Histology of lymph node
Histology : is the study of the microscopic anatomy of
cells and tissues of plants and animals.
The lymph node is surrounded by a fibrous capsule. The substance of the
lymph node is divided into the outer cortex and the inner medulla surrounded
by the cortex all around except at the hilum, where the medulla comes in
direct contact with the surface.
Lymphocytes
Variable size (6-18um)
• smallest are quiescent
• Nucleus
• Intensely stained
• Slightly indented
• Spherical in shape
• Cytoplasm appears as a pale blue rim
around nucleus
There are basically two different types of lymphocytes,
T lymphocytes (T cells) that are involved in cell-mediated immunity and
B lymphocytes (B cells) that are involved in humoral immunity,
both types originate from stem cells in bone marrow
• T Lymphocytes (thymus-dependent)
• Have a long life span
• Involved in cell mediated immunity
• B Lymphocytes (B cells)
• Variable life span
• Involved in the production of circulating antibodies
cortex
The outer cortex consists mainly of the B cells arranged as
follicles, which may develop a germinal center when challenged
with an antigen, and the deeper cortex mainly consisting of the T
cells. There is a zone known as the subcortical zone
medulla
The medulla contains large blood vessels, sinuses and
medullary cords that contain plasma cells secreting
antibody.
Sayaf H. Alshareef
434000024
5
Functions of lymph nods
1.
Defense functions
Filtration which is divided into two kinds..
Mechanical filtration: physically stopping particles

from progressing.
Biological filtration: biological activity of cells to
destroy and remove particles

Phagocytosis
If overwhelmed, lymph nods can become
infected or damaged. (adenitis)
2. Hematopoiesis:
Lymphoid tissue of the lymph nods is the site
for final stages of maturation of some
lymphocytes and monocytes
( white blood cells which produce antibodies)
Lymph.
 Interstitial fluid.(surrounds cells before entering lymph vessels)
 Lymphocytes.
 Lymph return to blood stream with some
lymphocytes to aid in the identification and
destruction of pathogens.
 B-cell and antibodies.

Axillary lymph nodes
About 75% of lymph from the breasts
drains into the axillary lymph nodes,
making them important in the
diagnosis of breast cancer.
 A doctor will usually refer a patient to
a surgeon to have an axillary lymph
node dissection to see if the cancer
cells have been trapped in the nodes.

Suliman Aljabbary
434023433
6
Lymphopoiesis
Lymphopoiesis is the process in which
lymphocytes are created
The end product of this process is NK
cells, T cells, B cells and plasma
Lymphopoiesis for NK cells
NK cells or natural killer cells are
developed in the bone marrow
 NK also mature in the bone marrow
unlike the other lymphocytes
 NK lack antigen specific receptors but
have granules which gives them their
ability to kill cells
 They look for they look cancerous
cells and infected cells to kill

Lymphopoiesis for T cells

T cells are formed in bone marrow
Then they move to the thymus to mature in a
clean enviorment.

During maturation almost all the T cells are killed
because of defects only about 4% survive.
The dead T cells are then quickly recycled
When they are activated the undergo more
development.


During this development they pass through three
phases .
Lymphopoiesis for B cells





B cells are formed and mature in bone
marrow and spleen
B cells leave the bone marrow and move to
peripheral lymph node
then antigens are introduced into the B
cells
They then divide into plasma and B cells
The final B cells produce antibodies that
protect the body
Abdulrahman Ibrahim Khardli
433016503
7
What Is Breast Cancer ?

Breast cancer is a kind of cancer that
develops from breast cells.

A malignant tumor can spread to other
parts of the body.

A breast cancer that started off in the
lobules is known as lobular carcinoma,
while one that developed from the ducts is
called ductal carcinoma.
What are the causes of breast cancer
?
Getting older :
Over 80% of all female breast cancers occur
among .women aged 50+ years
 Genetics :
women who have a close relative who has/had
breast or ovarian cancer are more likely to
develop breast cancer.
 A history of breast cancer :
women who have had breast cancer, are more
likely to develop the disease again.

Dense breast tissue :
women with more dense breast tissue have a
greater chance of developing breast cancer.

Obesity :
post-menopausal obese and overweight women
may have a higher risk of developing breast
cancer.

Having had certain types of breast lumps :
women who have had some types of benign (noncancerous) breast lumps are more likely to
develop cancer later on.

Abdulelah Alahmari
434000031
8
Symptoms and diagnosis of
breast cancer
symptoms








a lump or area of thickened tissue in either
breast.
a change in the size or shape of one or both
breasts.
discharge from either nipples (which may be
streaked with blood).
a lump or swelling in either armpits.
dimpling on the skin of breasts.
a rash on or around the nipple.
a change in the appearance of the nipple, such
as becoming sunken into the breast.
pain in either breasts or armpits not related to
period.
Diagnosis
Fine Needle Aspiration.
 Core Needle Biopsy.
 Breast Tumor Pathology.
 Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy.

Salah Alharbi
434029601
9
WHAT TYPES OF CANCER ARE DIAGNOSED
AS STAGE 0 AND 1 BREAST CANCER?
The stage of cancer indicates the size of the
tumor of abnormal cells and whether or not those
cells are contained to the place of origin. The
most common type of breast cancer is ductal
carcinoma in situ (DCIS), indicating the cancer
cell growth starts in the milk ducts.
WHAT DOES THE TERM, “IN SITU” MEAN?
” Three possible types of “in situ carcinoma” of
the breast tissue are:
•
DCIS - Ductal carcinoma in situ
•
LCIS - Lobular carcinoma in situ
• Paget disease of the nipple
WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO HAVE STAGE 1
BREAST CANCER?
Stage 1 can be divided
into Stage 1A and Stage
1B
• STAGE 1A BREAST
CANCER
• STAGE 1B BREAST
CANCER
STAGE 0 OR STAGE 1 BREAST CANCER
TREATMENT?
WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO HAVE STAGE 2
BREAST CANCER?
This stage is divided into groups:
• Stage 2A
• Stage 2B
STAGE 2A BREAST CANCER
MEANS ONE OF THE FOLLOWING
DESCRIPTIONS APPLIES.
STAGE 2B BREAST CANCER
MEANS ONE OF THE
FOLLOWING DESCRIPTIONS
APPLIES.
WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO HAVE
STAGE 3 BREAST CANCER?




This stage is
divided into three
groups:
Stage 3A
Stage 3B
Stage 3C
STAGE 3A BREAST CANCER
MEANS ONE OF THE
FOLLOWING DESCRIPTIONS
APPLIES.
STAGE 3B BREAST CANCER
MEANS THE FOLLOWING
DESCRIPTIONS APPLIES.
STAGE 3C BREAST CANCER
MEANS ONE OF THE FOLLOWING
DESCRIPTIONS APPLIES.
STAGE 3 BREAST TREATMENT

Stage 3C breast cancer is
divided into operable and
inoperable stage 3C
breast cancer. However,
the term “inoperable” is
not the same as
“untreatable.”
WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO HAVE
STAGE 4 BREAST CANCER?

Stage 4 breast
cancer means that
the cancer has
spread to other
areas of the body,
such as the brain,
bones, lung and
liver.
The End
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