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Session 2: Historical
development of macro
practice: 1850-present
UTA SSW, Practice III
Professor Dick Schoech
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Overview
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Basic Concepts
Generalist Practice
History of Community Practice
History of Administrative Practice
Conclusion
Basic Concepts
Basic Concepts: Human Services
HUMAN SERVICES facilitate daily living by enabling
individuals, families, and other primary groups to function,
to cope, and to contribute. Human services address the
problems that people individually or collectively have
with:
• themselves, for example, emotional and mental difficulties
• primary groups, for example, family conflict, divorce,
child abuse
• other nonrelated individuals, for example, crime
• organizations, for example, unemployment, poverty; and
• communities and the larger society, for example, deviance
Basic Concepts: Definitions
• Social work: A Human Services profession with specified
knowledge, skills, and values.
• Macro Practice: Social Work practice concerning
organizations, communities, and societies as opposed to
individuals, families, and groups. (Brueggermann, pg. 3)
• Generalist: As opposed to specialist. Social workers must be
prepared to address a large variety of
problems/opportunities.
• Problem/opportunity (capacity/need-opportunity):
– Every opportunity contains a potential problem.
– Within every problem is an opportunity & vice versa. For example,
our strengths are also our weaknesses.
History
of
Community
Practice
Early History
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Role of the individual
Role of the family
Role of the clan
Role of the tribe
Role of the guilds/feudalism (protection
from others)
• Clan/tribe/guild most responsible for
social welfare of individuals in their
clan/tribe
Industrial Revolution & Immigration
1880s-1930s
• Mass movement from farm to city
• Replacement of family, clan, tribe/guild by workplace
& charitable organizations
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COS, Charity Organization Societies
Settlements Houses
Community Councils
United Funds
• Individuals most important for their own social
welfare, otherwise charity
• Community Practice = charity and relief resources
• Community Practice = Organizing for better working
conditions/pay using labor organizing tactics
The great depression-War on Poverty
(1930s-1970s)
• Society responsible for individual welfare
• The New Deal Programs (http://www.socialpolicy.ca/cush/m2/m2-t14.stm)
– Social Security
– Workers Compensation
– Public works, Works Progress Administration (WPA), etc.
• The Great Society Programs
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Community Mental Health Centers Act
Welfare (ADC)
Head Start
Job Corps, Peace Corps, VISTA
Community Action Programs
Model Cities
Older Americans Act
Comprehensive Health Planning
• Community practice = relief resources and structural change
Modern Social Welfare philosophy
• Continual clash between the individual and
society being responsible for the social welfare
of citizens
• Continual clash between whether government
or business offers the best way to provide
human services
• Europe has social democracies & taxes so
government can prevent social problems
• US more capitalism, low taxes, with minimal
government only to rectify large social
problems, not prevent them.
Modern Community Practice efforts
1980+
• Selective legislative initiatives, e.g., ADA,
Amber Alert system, Senior prescription drugs
• System reform making individual and
corporations more responsible: welfare
reform, privatization, Faith Based, Social
Security reform, health care reform
• Application of Science: NIHM, NIDA,
SAMHSA, CSAP/CSAT
• Organizing around injustice: ACORN
• Building communities: Move on, Meet up, etc.
History
of
Administrative
Practice
History of management
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Ancient
Middle ages
Industrial revolution
Modern
Guess the author: who and when
“We trained hard … every time we began
forming up into teams, we would be
reorganized. I was to learn later in life
that we tend to meet any new situation
by reorganizing… and a wonderful
method it can be for creating the
illusion of progress while producing
inefficiency and demoralization.”
Author
Gaius Petronius speaking of his duty while
assigned to fight the barbarian wars in
the north of Briton around 20 A.D.
History — ancient
• Based on Egyptians, Assyrians, etc.:
– Church
– Military
– State (government)
• key variables
– communications
– submission of those managed (Galileo)
– Male and authority based
History — Middle ages
• Crafts and guilds
• Based on
– skills
– apprenticeship
– collectives, teams
– exclusion thru “ole boy system”
History: Industrial revolution-Weber
Max Weber definition of bureaucracy
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Hierarchy of authority
Written rules, rights and duties
Procedures for most work
Impersonality (decisions based on
qualifications)
• Professionalism (training important)
• Specialization (division of labor)
Key = design of organization
History: Industrial revolution-Fayol 1900s
POSDCORBE
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Planning
Organizing
Staffing
Coordinating
Directing (leadership)
Reporting
Budgeting
Evaluating
Key = understanding processes
History: Industrial revolution-Taylor 1900s
Frederick Taylor’s scientific mana (1900-1930s)
• Applied research can improve work
• Time and motion studies
• Lack of consideration of labor unions who
labeled him a “contented cow” sociologist
Key = use scientific principles to design
tasks
History: Social/Psychological influences
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(1920-50s)
Hawthorne Experiments (Hawthorne effect)
World War 1 and II
Psychology via Freud and Maslow
Theory X & Theory Y
History: Modern influences
• Systems, computers, the Internet
• Many competing theories, TQM, “White
Knight” popularism, etc.
• Globalization
• Privatization, managed care, capitation
• Best practices, evidence informed/based,
etc.
• Business-to-business infrastructure,
organizational learning
Conclusion
• Generalist macro practice is based in
– Generalist social work process
– Professional knowledge, skills, and values
– Not personal values or common sense
• Community and administrative practice
has become complex (private/public
mix of finance & delivery) and
struggling to be scientific
• Questions and discussion