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- Exploring social networks The Third Entity in the Dyad:
The Relationship
Diana Jones
Presented at Sunbelt Conference, Vancouver
April 2006
INSNA Sunbelt April 2006
[email protected]
© Diana Jones
Historical Development of SNA –The Key Players
KEY
Harvard
Moreno
Mathematics
Anthropology
+ Mathematics
Anthropology
Psychology
Sociology
SNA
Working in Same field
Influence on
© Diana Jones
The Interdisciplinary Foundations of SNA
Social Economics
-Harvard
HomansSociology
Warne
r
Hawthorne Studies
Mayo Busines
s
Social Psychology
Moreno
ARROW KEY
Influence of individual
Influence of entire field
Mathematics
Anthropology
Gluckman
Harary (Michigan
Lazarsfeld
(Manchester)
Mitchell
Uni)
Barnes
Nadel
Bott
Psychology
Sociology
Lewin
Köhler
White (Harvard)
Lee
Granovetter
SNA
Burt
INSNA Sunbelt April 2006
Wellman
Freeman
Borgatti
(INSNA)
ANZPA Conference, Brisbane. January, 2006
Cross
© Diana Jones
Exploring the relationship between the
dyad………
Assists us explore,integrate, and build
a body of knowledge on working with
Isolates
Structural Holes
One way relationships
Negative relationships, the ‘choose
not to…….’
INSNA Sunbelt April 2006
© Diana Jones
- Tele the flow of feeling between people
People are:
• attracted to one another on specific criteria; like
molecules of hydrogen and oxygen
• repulsed; or move away from one another, similar to
magnetic poles, or oil and water
• neutral, i.e. don’t have a sense of the other. (Think of
falling in love with someone who doesn’t know you
exist - they might just prefer to have coffee with you.)
(Moreno 1953; Moreno 1987; Moreno 2000)
INSNA Sunbelt April 2006
© Diana Jones
Mutual positive relationship
B chooses C on this criteria/question, and C chooses B
 Symmetrical
 Mutual, Reciprocal
B
C
The relationship is of mutual benefit to both
actors
 Asymmetrical
B
A
 Non-mutual, One way
 This relationship is of benefit to
B, A’s response to B is unclear. A may be
unaware of B, be negative to B on the
criteria or question being explored. Expert
networks are often characterised in this
way
A
INSNA Sunbelt April 2006
© Diana Jones
Third option: what is the relationship
between this dyad?
Is this relationship a structural hole?
C
A
Are the A and C aware of one another?
Do A and C not choose one another on
the criteria being researched
B
INSNA Sunbelt April 2006
What is the significance of this to the
work of this group?
© Diana Jones
Collecting social network data
1.
Questions typically asked in networks are:
•Who do you go to for information…..
•Who do you go to for decisions on …..
•Who do you go to for expert advice on…..
•Who do you rely on to assist you get your work done…..
2.
Elicit a structural response related to job function, wherea
•Who do you go to for advice….
•Who do you trust to……
•Who do you discuss work concerns with………
•Who do you discuss and explore innovations with………
•Who do you go to to find out what’s happening in the organisation?
3.
© Diana Jones
Go to the heart of the socio-emotional networks of the
groups you are working with.
Case Study
Criterion for exploration in this group: “who in
this group do I trust to solve a work problem
with me, so we enhance consistency and
quality in our organisation?”
INSNA Sunbelt April 2006
© Diana Jones
Formal Organisation Chart
General
Manager
Business
Support
Manager
TL
7 Staff (6 Permanent,
TL
6 Staff
Business
Support
Business
Support
Manager
TL
1 Temp)
15 Staff (10
Permanent, 5 Temp)
TL
12 Staff (6
Permanent, 6 Temp)
TL
7 Staff (6 Permanent, 1
Temp)
TL
6 Staff
TL
7 Staff (6 Permanent,
TL
4 Staff (3 Permanent,
TL
10 Staff (All Temps)
TL
8 Staff (7 Permanent,
TL
8 Staff (7 Permanent,
TL
4 Staff
KEY
Sites 1, 2 and 3
1 Temp)
1 Temp)
1 Temp)
Management
Team, located
at Site 4
Site 4
1 Temp)
INSNA Sunbelt April 2006
Site45
Site
© Diana Jones
Group Statistics
Density:
 Group Size: 17
 Potential Ties: 272
 Actual Ties: 143
 Density: 53%
 Average number of positive choices made/received:
 Range of positive choices received:
 Range of positive choices made:
9
3-15
4-16
 Average number of negative choices made/received:
 Range of negative choices received:
 Range of negative choices made:
2
0-7
0-8
 Average number of mutual positive choices:
 Range of mutual positive choices:
6
2-12
INSNA Sunbelt April 2006
© Diana Jones
All Positive Choices
KEY
Sites 1, 2 and 3
Management
Team, located
at Site 4
Site 4
Density of positive relationships is 53%
INSNA Sunbelt April 2006
Site 5
© Diana Jones
All Positive Mutual Choices
There is a density of 46% of mutual
relationships.
This accounts for the strong work ethic
with the group.If we now look at one of
these dyads, what do we discover?
KEY
Sites 1, 2 and 3
Management
Team, located
at Site 4
Site 4
Site 5
INSNA Sunbelt April 2006
© Diana Jones
A mutual negative Choice
While positive mutual relationships are the glue in
groups, negative choices are a
natural aspect of group life. In looking at this group
there appeared to be a high number of negative
choices. The one relationship we are considering
here shows a mutual negative relationship. This
means both people did not choose the other with
the criteria:
who in this group do I trust to solve a work problem
with me, so we enhance consistency and quality in
our organisation?”
This relationship of not choosing, is not displayed
on the sociogram. However, a powerful force
remains between these two people, affecting the
group. Participants in this exploration received
their individual choices, and many shared their
reasons for choosing or not choosing one another.
As a result participants developed clearer
perceptions of what constituted trust and
collaboration in this group and in doing so a
number of people developed positive relationships
with more colleagues.
INSNA Sunbelt April 2006
© Diana Jones
Summary
•Looking at only positive choices on criteria provides a
small part of the relationship picture
Wise judgment and group facilitation skills are needed
when gathering data, exploring and displaying negative
choices
When SNAers researcher need to have clear
agreements with participants on the purposes data is
being collected for, how it will be used and who will see
what is generated.
© Diana Jones
Diana Jones
www.orgdev.co.nz
www.sociometry.co.nz
[email protected]
+64 4 499 5559
© Diana Jones