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Chapter 2
All animals are in the Kingdom Animalia. Some
have fur, others have scales or feathers. Some fly,
while others walk or swim.
• Animals are grouped by the functions and
structure of their bodies:
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Vertebrate
Invertebrate
Animals fall into several classes:
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Chapter 2
Birds (Aves)
Fish (Osteichthyes)
Mammals (Mammalia)
Introduction to Livestock and Companion
Animals
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The structural basis of animals begins with cells.
Cell division is the process of a cell splitting into two
cells.
Cell specialization is the difference in cells that allows
them to perform unique activities.
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Groups of cells form tissues. A tissue is a
cluster of cells that are alike in structure
and activity.
An organ is a group of tissues with a similar
function.
An organ system is a group of organs
working together to carry out a specific
activity.
Chapter 2
Introduction to Livestock and Companion
Animals
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Animals have several systems that
make their living condition possible.
The physiology of these organ
systems involves essential functions:
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The muscular system acquires
materials and energy.
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The skeletal system provides the
framework for the body.
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The digestive system breaks food
into smaller parts that are used by
the body.
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The respiratory system governs gas
exchange.
Chapter 2
Introduction to Livestock and Companion
Animals
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Nutrients, oxygen, and metabolic
wastes are moved by the circulatory
system.
The excretory system rids the body of
waste.
The lymphatic system protects the
body from disease.
The nervous system coordinates
body activities.
The integumentary system, or skin,
protects internal body tissues from
outside dangers.
The reproductive system produces
offspring.
Chapter 2
Introduction to Livestock and Companion
Animals
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The Kingdom Animalia includes all
agricultural animals.
Organisms in the Kingdom Animalia are
made of cells, can move about on their
own, and get their food from other
sources.
Animals carry out life processes. When
these processes stop, the animal is no
longer in the living condition.
A knowledge of anatomy and
physiology helps animal producers
understand their animals.
Chapter 2
Introduction to Livestock and Companion
Animals
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