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Introduction
 During the Renaissance, increased trade and new
technology led the Europeans to explore overseas.
 Main Idea:
 Beginning in the 1400’s, Europe entered a new era
of intellectual and technological advancements
known as the Renaissance.
Expanding Horizons
 In 1095, Pope Urban II
called for Christians to free
their religions holy places
in the Middle East from the
Muslims.
 The Crusades brought the
Europeans in contact with
the Arabs and trading soon
began.
 Europeans began to buy luxury
goods (spices, sugar, melons,
tapestries, and silk) that the
Arabs obtained from the East.
 Soon city-states such as Venice,
Pisa, and Genoa became wealthy
by trading goods with the
Middle Eastern countries. They
charged high prices.
Exploration
 By the 1300’s Europeans wanted to find a new route to Asia,
to bypass the Italians and the Arabs, no new technology yet.
 By the 1400’s, things began to change. Kings and Queens
started to tax and with the new income, they raised armies
to protect the trade routes.
 By the mid-1400, four strong states emerged: Portugal,
Spain, England, and France. Soon these countries began to
expand trade to Asia.
Scientific Advances
 Technology enabled the Europeans to explore more areas of
the world.
 There were two crucial advancements in navigational
instruments and ships, which could travel a long distance.
 The Renaissance was a time of the arts, and a rebirth in the
interest in Greece and Rome. Many of the works of ancient
scholars, poets, geographers, and mathematicians were
discovered.
Navigation
Astrolabe
Compass
 By studying Arab texts, Europeans  Europeans also acquired
discovered the astrolabe- a
the compass from the
navigational instrument developed
Arabs who got it from the
by the Greeks and refined by the
Chinese. A compass- shows
Arabs. An astrolabe- uses the
the direction of magnetic
position of the sun to determine
north.
direction, latitude, and local time.
Ships
Lateen Sails
Caravel
 The Europeans would not be able
to travel unless they had ships
capable of traveling long distances.
 By the 1400’s, the caravel
was developed. It was a
small vessel capable of
carrying 130 tons of cargo.
It could sail in very little
water and could dock easily
in shallow ports.
 By the 1400’s, Europeans
shipwrights began to outfit ships
with triangular shaped lateen sails
(Arab invention). These sails
allowed the ships to sail against the
wind.
Portuguese Exploration
 The Portuguese were the first too search for a sea route to
Asia.
 In 1419, Prince Henry (Henry the Navigator) set up a center
for astronomical and geographical studies. He invited
mapmakers, astronomers, and shipbuilders from
throughout the Mediterranean to come to study and plan
voyages for the purpose of exploration.
 In 1420, Portuguese explorers began mapping African’s
coast.
Portuguese Explorers
Bartholimeu Dias
 In 1488, A Portuguese ship
commanded by
Bartholimeu Dias reached
the southern tip of Africa.
Vasco da Gama
 In 1498, Vasco da Gama
rounded Africa and
reached India.
Slavery and Sugar
 Slavery existed in African society. Most of the slaves
had been captured in war. The Africans would
ransom them back to their people or absorb them
into their own society.
 When the Arab traders came to West Africa, things
changed, when the Arabs would trade horses,
cotton, and other goods for slaves. Sugar growers
from Spain and Portugal sought out slaves.
Exploring America
Spain Claims America:
Columbus
Ferdinand and
Isabella
 Christopher Columbus predicted “  In 1492-Spain’s King
the end of Spain and the beginning
Ferdinand and Queen
if India is not far apart.”
Isabella decided to finance
his journey.
 For six years, Columbus tried to
persuade different rulers to fund
expeditions.
Columbus’ Journey
 August 1492-Columbus leaves with three ships, the Nina,
Pinta and the Santa Maria. He sails westward.
 October 1492- Columbus lands in the Bahamas or current
day San Salvador Island. He discovered the Tiano People,
he called them “Indians”.
 January 1493- He journeyed further into the Caribbean
looking for gold. He found Cuba and Hispanola.
Result of Columbus’
Discovery
 March 1493- Columbus returns to Spain with gold, parrots,
spices, and Native Americans.
 Spain agreed to finance more expeditions because it was
now in competition with Portugal. Portugal had claimed it
had found an Atlantic route to Asia. To resolve the
competition, the two nations appealed to Pope Alexander
VI.
 1943- The Pope establishes a line of demarcation, an
imaginary line running down the middle of the Atlantic.
Spain would control everything west of the line, Portugal
would control everything to the east.
Treaty of Tordesilla
 1494- Treaty of Tordesilla- the demarcation line was
approved by both countries. The treaty confirmed
Portugal’s right to control the route from Africa to
India. It also confirmed Spain’s claim to most of the
America’s.
Columbus Part 2
 1494- Columbus headed back across the Atlantic with 17
ships and over 1,200 Spanish colonists. But many of these
colonists went back to Spain because they said that
Columbus misled them about gold.
 Columbus then went to Hispanola and mined some gold
and enslaved the Tiano People to plant crops.
 1496- Columbus returned to Spain. His brother
Bartholemew, found Santo Domingo south of Hispanola.
America
 1499- An Italian by the name of Amerigo Vespucci tried to
reach Asia.
 1501- Vespucci traveled to Portugal. He then went to South
America and figured out that it could not be a part of Asia.
 1507- A German mapmaker proposed that the new
continent be named America for “Amerigo”, the
discoverer.
Later Spanish Exploration
 Juan Ponce de Leon, the Spanish Governor of Puerto
Rico, sailed North to Florida. He went to find the
fabled “fountain of youth”. He found a land full of
blooming wildflowers and fragrant plants. He
claimed the land for Spain and named it “Florida”=
“land of flowers”.
Spain
Juan Ponce De Leon
 Juan Ponce de Leon, the Spanish
Governor of Puerto Rico, sailed
North to Florida. He went to find
the fabled “fountain of youth”. He
found a land full of blooming
wildflowers and fragrant plants. He
claimed the land for Spain and
named it “Florida”= “land of
flowers”.
Magellan
 1520- Ferdinand Magellan- was a
Portuguese explorer, but worked
for Spain, discovered the strait
later named for him. (Southern
tip of South America. Magellan
said that the waters were so calm
that he named it “Mare
Pacificum”, latin for “peaceful
sea” ( Pacific Ocean).
 Magellan was killed on the
Philippine Islands. His crew
continued the journey and
arrived in Spain in 1522. They
became the first known group to
circumnavigate, sail around the
globe.
Cortes and the Aztecs
 1519- Hernan Cortes, a Spainard, sailed from Cuba to
explore the Yucatan Peninsula, with 11 ships, 550 men, and
16 horses.
 The Spanish quickly killed 200 warriors. The natives gave
them a peace offering of 20 women. Cortes used one,
Malinche, who would translate for Cortes. He had her
baptized and called her Dona Marina.
 Cortes recruited the Aztec’s enemies, the Tlaxcalan, to join
him against the Aztecs..
Cortes and the Aztecs
 The Aztecs were amazed by the Spanish horses and their
“shooting sparks” (Spanish cannons).
 The Aztec leader Montezuma, was very worried. He
believed in the prophecy that Quetzalcoatl, a fair-skinned
bearded deity would someday conquer the Aztecs.
 Montezuma tried to ambush Cortes and the Tlaxcalan. The
Spanish would strike first killing over 6,000 Cholulans.
Montezuma, fearing Cortes, let him in Tenochtitlan
peacefully.
Defeat of the Aztecs
 The city of Tenochtitlan impressed the Spanish. It was
larger than most European cities, 200,000 residents and an
elaborate canal system. There was a huge pyramid in the
center with a rack filled with human skulls.
 Cortes would take Montezuma hostage. Cortes ordered
that “all human sacrifices should stop”.
 Cortes ordered that all Aztec statues must be removed and
replaced with crosses and images of the Virgin Mary
Small Pox
 Soon small pox broke out in the area decimating the
Aztecs.
 “ While the Spainards were in Tlaxcala, a great
plague broke out here in Tenochtitlan… Sore
erupted on our faces, our breasts, our bellies, we
were covered with agonizing sores from head to
foot. The illness was so dreadful that no one could
walk or move.” -from The Broken Spears: The Aztec
account of the Conquest of Mexico.
The End of the Aztecs
 In 1521-Cortes destroyed Tenochtitlan. Modern day
Mexico City would be built here. Cortes then sent
many conquistadores out to conquer the rest of
Central America.
Conquistadores
Pizarro
Coronado
 1526- Spanish Explorer,
Francisco Pizarro reached
Peru. Six years later, he
returned with an infantry
and plundered the wealthy
Incan Empire.
 1540- Francisco Vasquez de
Coronado- traveled to the
Colorado River in the Great
Plains because he heard
about gold. But instead of
gold, he found plains, and
shaggy cows (buffalo).
More Conquistadores
De Soto
Onate
 1540- Hernando de Soto-led an  Because no gold was found,
settlement by the Spanish was
expedition to what is today
slow.
North Carolina, Tennessee,
Alabama, Arkansas, and Texas.  1598-Juan de Onate- went to the
north of the Rio Grande. The
The Spanish raided many
survivors of the journey
villages and killed many
organized a feast to give
Indians. De Soto died, and
“thanks to God”. This is known
as the “Spanish Thanksgiving”
further exploration was halted.
and it is still celebrated each
April in El. Paso, Texas. The
Spanish called the territory New
Mexico.
Presidios
 The Spanish would build forts called “presidios” for
protection and trade.
 In the 1600’s and 1700’s, Spanish priests built missions
and spread Christianity to the Navajo and Pueblo
villages.
 1769- Franciscan priest Juniperro Serra, took control of
California by establishing a chain of missions from San
Diego to San Francisco.
Spanish American Society
 The Spanish operated under the “encomienda
system” Each Spanish conqueror was given a reward
or encomiendero or (commission) and could control
a group of villages. The villagers paid taxes to the
commissioner and gave them a part of their harvest.
The commissioner was supposed to protect them
and convert them over to Christianity.
Encomienda
 New Spain had a highly structured society based on birth,
income, and education.
Peninsulares (born in Spain, Spanish Parents)
/
Criollos (born in the colonies, Spanish
Parents)
/
Mestizos (Spanish/Native Parents)
/
Mullattoes (Spanish, Black Parents)
New France
 1524- King Francis I sent Giovanni de Verrazano to
find the Northwest Passage, hoped for French
control of a northern passage to the Pacific (no
luck).
French Exploration
Cartier
 1534- Jacques Cartier- made
three trips to North
America exploring and
mapping the St. Lawrence
Seaway ( Montreal).
De Champlain
 1602-King Henry IV authorized a
group of French merchants to
establish a colony. Samuel de
Champlain would help them.
1608- de Champlain claimed
Quebec capital of New France.
Fur Trade
 The colonists wanted to make money from the fur
trade because they did not settle in one place. New
France grew slowly. Most of the fur traders lived
amongst the Native Americans and traded.
 Jesuit missionaries, “black robes” lived amongst the
French.
 1663- King Louis XIV made New France a royal colony
and sent 4,000 settlers by 1670’s the colony had
expanded to 7,000 and by 1760-60,000.
Joliet & Marquette
 1673-Louis Joliet and a Jesuit priest, Jacques
Marquette, searched for a waterway, which the
Algonquian called “big river”. They discovered the
“Mississippi River”.
Robert de La Salle
 1682-Robert de la Salle- followed the Mississippi all the way
to the Gulf of Mexico, he was the first European to do so.
He claimed the region for France and named the territory
Louisiana in honor of King Louis.
 1699- Biloxi was the first permanent French settlement.
Mobile and New Orleans followed. The French in Louisiana
discovered that they could grow the following crops:
sugar, rice, indigo. They needed abundant labor, so they
imported slaves from Africa.