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Transfer and Transformation of
Energy and Materials
B&K Sections: 5.1 to 5.5, Ch 9
Start date: 10/20/09
Transfer vs. Transformation Processes
Transfers: normally flow through a system and
involve a change in location
Transformations: lead to an interaction within a
system resulting in the formation of a new end
product, or involve a change of state
Transfer or Transformation?
1. Dead organic matter enters a lake
2. Decomposition of dead organism
3. Using light energy, water and carbon dioxide is
converted to glucose and oxygen through
photosynthesis
6H2O + 6CO2 ----------> C6H12O6+ 6O2
4. Glucose is burned with oxygen in during respiration
to produce carbon dioxide and water
C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
Photosynthesis vs. Respiration
Transformation(reaction)
Inputs
Outputs
Photosynthesis
Respiration
ALL living things respire. Only primary producers
go through photosynthesis.
Note-taking Space: Photosynthesis vs.
Cellular Respiration
Write one balanced equation for photosynthesis, and
one balanced equation for respiration
Photosynthesis:
Respiration:
The Hydrologic Cycle
Hydrologic Cycle: Facts and Figures
Breakdown of water storages:
97.2%
2.15%
0.62%
0.03%
The H. cycle is primarily powered by:
Absorption and release of water by plants and trees is
known as:
1st and 2nd Laws of Thermodynamics
First:
Energy is never created nor destroyed, only
transferred
Second:
Energy changes from a more useful, more highly
organized form to a less useful, disorganized
form. (Entropy, amount of disorder, increases)
Energy Flow
Diagrams
flows
represented by:
storages/sinks/
sources
represented by:
Quantitative Practice: Energy Flow
Diagrams
Assume that you start with 7,000,000 kJ m-2 yr-1
of solar energy, with 1,7000,000 kJ m-2 yr-1
converted to chem. energy in producers
If ~90% of energy is lost to surroundings at each
trophic level, calculate the chemical energy in
the primary, secondary, and top consumers
Pathways of incoming solar
radiation in ecosystems
~20% is reflected back into space as short-wave
radiation, as a result of bouncing off of clouds,
dust, and aerosols in the atmosphere
~10% reflected back into space as short-wave
radiation as a result of being reflected by the
surface of Earth
~20% of radiation is absorbed in the
atmosphere above Earth’s surface
~50% of radiation reaches Earth’s surface and is
absorbed by it
Greenhouse Effect: Occurs in Troposphere
(lowest layer of atmosphere)
Greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, NO2) allow visible
radiation to pass through, but reflect IR radiation
Of that 50% that is “absorbed” by
Earth’s surface
It can be:
Converted from light energy to chemical
energy through photosynthesis
Converted from light energy (eventually) to
heat energy through photosynthesis followed by
respiration
Re-radiated to the atmosphere
Converted to chem. energy and lost in
transfer between trophic levels
Since energy is never created or
destroyed…
Eventually all of the energy absorbed by the surface and
atmosphere (70%) is emitted back into space as long-wave
radiation
How does the pyramid structure affect functioning of
ecosystems?
Can limit the length of food chains (natural systems
usu. range from 3-4 levels, and no more than 5)
marine ecosystem
terrestrial ecosystem
How does the pyramid structure
affect functioning of ecosystems?
Vulnerability of top-level carnivores
Recovery from environmental fluctuations is
slower in ecosystems with longer food chains,
because fluctuations at lower levels are
magnified at higher levels
How does the pyramid structure
affect functioning of ecosystems?
Concentrations of non-biodegradable toxins in
food chains increase towards top of food chain
Example: DDT (dichloro, diphenyl, trichloroethane)
If a pollutant is:
1. long-lived
2. Mobile
3. Fat-soluble
4. Biologically active
Biomassthe total amount of organic matter on Earth or
in any ecosystem or area (excludes OM that has
been transformed by geologic processes into
substances like coal and petroleum)
Biomass is generally reported as grams of dry
organic material per square meter
Measuring Biomass
Dry weight measurements of quantitative
samples can be extrapolated to estimate total
biomass.
Ex: If there is an average of 600 g of autotroph
mass per 1 m2 quadrat (low std. dev.) in a
grassland ecosystem, what is the biomass (g/m2)
for the entire 500m2 area?
Production and use of biomass
1. Organism produces organic matter within it’s
body (through…)
2. Some of org. matter used for respiration
3. Store some newly produced org. matter
Productivity- Jm-2y-1 or, gm-2y-1
The rate of creation of new organic matter
(production as a noun is not a rate: Jm-2 or, gm-2 )
Primary productivity (NPP)- rate creation of
organic matter (or energy) by autotrophs
Gross primary productivity (GPP)- rate of
production of energy (by producers) B4 its use
Net primary productivity- rate of energy usage by
producers (GPP – R)
Productivity of Heterotrophs
Secondary productivity- production by
heterotrophs (sometimes called assimilation)
GSP = food eaten – fecal loss
NSP = GSP – R
Quantitative Practice: Productivity all units are in kg m-2 y-1
Determine:
GPP
NPP
GSP of primary
consumers
NSP of primary
consumers
GSP of all
consumers
NSP of all
consumers
sunlight falling
on plants
6,000,000
Light energy used
by plants
1,440,000
R = 60,480
primary producers
72,000
11,520
R = 6,480
primary
consumers
Fecal losses = 3,600
1,440
R = 1,095
secondary
consumers
Fecal losses = 450
Quantitative Practice Continued
Pyramids of productivity vs. pyramids of
biomass vs. pyramids of numbers
Identify which type of pyramid is described in each
statement
Represents the standing stock of each t. level measured
in units such as g of OM per m2 or energy units of Jm-2
Can sometimes display different patterns (ex: when
indiv. at lwr. T. levels are relatively large)
Refer to the flow of E through a t. level and invariably
show a decrease along the food chain (gm-2yr-1 or Jm2yr-1)
Productivity- production per unit time
The Nitrogen Cycle
All life requires nitrogen-containing compounds
(ex: nucleic acids and proteins)
Transformations in the Nitrogen Cycle
Four transformation processes in the nitrogen
cycle:
Nitrogen fixation (N2 gas to NH3)
Decay (nitrogen in excretions to NH3)
Nitrification (NH3 to NO2- to NO3-)
Denitrification (NO3- to N2)
Nitrogen Fixation
Atmospheric fixation
Biological fixation by certain microbes
Industrial fixation (Haber process)
Decay
Decomposers can convert the nitrogen in urea
from animal excretions into ammonia (NH3)
Nitrification by Bacteria
Nitrosomonas convert NH3 to NO2-
Nitrobacter oxidize NO2- to NO3-
Denitrification
Replenishes N2 gas in the atmosphere (fixation,
decay, and nitrification are removing nitrogen
from the atmosphere)
Anaerobic (non-oxygen using) bacteria such as
Thiobacillius turn nitrate into nitrogen gas