Download Industrialization Spreads

Industrialization Spreads
p. 196
Western Industrialization
• Britain tried, but failed, to keep the secrets of
industrialization from getting out.
• Other countries would acquire British technology
and create new technologies.
– The US and Germany would surpass Britain in steel
production
• New techniques and inventions made mass
production possible.
Heavy Metals Industry
Henry Bessemer:
• developed a steel mass-production
process.
• EC: Effects of steel included: (3)
– It allowed for great amounts of very strong
steel to be made quickly.
– Steel will allow bigger ships, buildings, and
bridges to be built.
– It will also make stronger tools and railroads.
Alfred Nobel:
• Swedish chemist. Developed dynamite.
• It is a powerful, concentrated explosive.
– safer and more stable than nitro-glycerin,
– safer than black powder.
• He envisioned it being used by mine and
construction companies.
– Militaries found it useful too.
• Upset by the violent use of his invention, Nobel
funded a prize for people whose ideas and
inventions worked to make the world safer and
peaceful.
Michael Faraday:
• British; changed the energy industry
by developing the dynamo.
• electricity generator.
– produces electricity
– Will change millions of factories,
businesses, cities, and homes.
Thomas Edison:
• US electrical inventor.
– He and his technical staff developed the electric “incandescent
lamp” (light bulb).
• Would develop the motion picture
– camera
– projector
– Since there were no electric companies, he started the first
power plant.
– He would start General Electric which made
• electric appliances,
• generators
• transformers.
– Many related companies would wire the industrialized nations.
Interchangeable parts:
• parts that could fit many different
kinds of machines.
• Made production efficient, simpler,
faster, and cheaper.
• Also did the same for maintenance.
– Eli Whitney was a strong proponent and
developer of interchangeable parts.
Assembly line:
• Technique used to make production
fast and efficient.
• Uses a series of production stages
– each building on the previous one.
• not a new idea,
• the 20th century saw new ideas to
make the assembly line the best way
for a factory to operate.
Henry Ford
• credited with developing the
assembly line on a massive scale
• EC: What did he do? Why?
–made cars that ordinary people, like
his workers, could afford.
–EC: What was his car called?
• Ford model T (1919)
• “You can have any color you want, so
long as it is black!”
Orville and Wilbur Wright:
• US; flew the first successful,
controlled, powered airplane in
1903.
Guglielmo Marconi:
• Italy, developed the
“wireless telegraph”,
1890s.
• the forerunner of radio,
Corporation:
• the business, not the owners or
shareholders, is liable for any legal or
financial problems that arise from doing
business.
• If business loses money, owners and
shareholders do not lose any or much of
their own personal money.
– Status granted by the government.
– Reduces risk to investors, who are more likely
to put their money into a company.
Stock:
• Business would sell this to
investors to raise money to
operate.
• Investors became part owners as
long as they owned the stock
(share).
• Two types of investors
– Speculator—short term (buy low, sell high)
– Long-term—retirement, build up assets
Cartel:
• a group of competing businesses join
to control prices, set production
quotas, and/or control markets.
• Called “trusts” and illegal in the
United States.
• Not illegal internationally-– OPEC (Oil Producing and Exporting Countries) is a cartel
of oil-nations that control global petroleum production and
pricing.)
Homework ends
• Class work begins
Factories were spreading all across Europe
and across the seas to America and Japan.
– Countries like France, Germany, the US, and Japan
industrialized very quickly:
• France, US and Germany had plentiful resources.
• All four copied and modified British techniques, often with
British expatriates.
• US development was accelerated by the large-scale civil war
it fought using many industrial methods and inventions.
• German development moved rapidly after unification in 1870.
– Strict pushing of businesses and the people by the new
German leader, Otto von Bismarck.
• Japan also unified under a modernist emperor, Meiji.
– Meiji’s government, copying the new German empire, also
strictly pushed businesses and the people to industrialize
quickly.
Map Skills, p. 197
• 2. Which American city probably grew
because of its location near coal fields?
• Pittsburgh
• 3. Why would you expect Lyon, France, to
become a major industrial city?
• It was located near both coal fields and
iron ore deposits
Graph Skills, p. 198
• Which nation had the greatest increase in
steel production and which had the
smallest?
• Largest: United States
• Smallest: Great Britain
Standards Check, p. 198
• What factors led to the industrialization of
other nations after Britain?
• Other nations had abundant supplies of
natural resources and were able to use the
ideas and technology that Great Britain
had developed.
Standards Check, p. 199
• Question What was the dynamo’s impact
on the Industrial Revolution?
• The dynamo generated electricity that
powered other machines.
Image, p. 199
• Judging from this print, how did electricity
make life easier for people in the city?
• They could travel at night
Image, p. 200,
• 1.
• as corporations expanded, they needed
more office space; also show off
• 2.
• sample: telephones would have had the
greatest impact on offices,
– they would have enabled faster
communication
– therefore, faster production
The transportation industry
sees more innovations:
• Steamships replace sailing ships: bigger, faster
– Huge, powerful engines (scale) make great size (turn off sound)
possible.
• Jobs
– Though Harland & Wolfe hired both Irish Protestant and Catholic workers,
Protestant workers bullied and drove out many Catholics.
• Millions can afford to migrate to the Americas from Europe.
• The wealthy can travel in segregated style.
• Hundreds of thousands of miles of rail lines built by
developed nations
–
–
–
–
Resources
Harbor cities
Speedily deliver military forces
Cross continents, joining coasts
Automobile
– EC: Name the inventor and the country
• Internal combustion engine—
– Small, powerful, uses gasoline (a cheap
fuel source)
• Nikolaus Otto, Germany:
– First three-wheel automobile
• Karl Benz, Germany:
– First four-wheel automobile
• Gottlieb Daimler, Germany:
Communications Industry—
• EC: What was developed?
• Samuel Morse-– US, telegraph, 1830s. Develops a code for
tones as no voice could be used.
– An English entrepreneur lays Transatlantic
Cable between Ireland and Canada
• Allows telegraph to send across the Atlantic
Ocean.
• Alexander Bell-– US, telephone, 1870s
Image, p. 201
• Did Marconi’s prediction come true?
Explain.
• Yes, advances in communications such as
mobile phones and e-mail have made
worldwide communication almost
instantaneous.
Standards Check, p. 201
• How did technological advances in
transportation and communications affect
the Industrial Revolution?
• Travel was faster by steamship, railroad,
autos, and airplanes
• National and international communication
was possible through telegraph,
telephone, and radio.
Political cartoon, p. 202
• Is the cartoonist for or against
government control of businesses
–Favored government
control/regulation of big business.
–Portrays business as a monster;
making businesses look dangerous
to the public.
Standards Check, p. 202
• Why were big business leaders “captains
of industry” to some, but “robber barons”
to others?
• Pro:
• Business owners created economic
benefits
• Con:
• Business owners exploited consumers,
workers, and free enterprise