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The Reproductive Systems The Endocrine System Endocrine System • Regulates long-term changes in the body, such as growth and development. Endocrine Glands • Produce and release chemical substances that signal changes in other parts of the body. The Endocrine System • Endocrine glands release substances directly into the bloodstream, and then the blood carries those substances throughout the body. These chemical substances are known as hormones. • The pituitary gland releases the hormones FSH and LH, which travel to the reproductive glands (ovaries and testes) that release sex hormones and this signals the start of puberty. Puberty Puberty • the period of sexual development during which a person becomes sexually mature and physically able to reproduce. • It is also a time when an adolescent experiences mental and emotional changes, as well as, increased sexual feelings. Secondary Sex Characteristics • the physical changes caused by sex hormones that develop during puberty, but are not directly involved in reproduction. Secondary Sex Characteristics In girls • Voice deepens, breasts develop, skin releases more oils, hips widen, body fat increases, muscle strength increases, release of mature eggs, body hair appears, and perspiration increases. In boys • Muscle strength increases, body hair appears, shoulders broaden, skin releases more oils, hair appears on face and chest, perspiration increases, voice deepens, and mature sperm production. Female Reproductive System • The functions of the female reproductive system are to produce sex hormones, to produce eggs, and to provide a nourishing environment in which a fertilized egg can develop into a baby. Which Sex Activity? • • • • • • ? ! > ? ! > Place the Following Parts on the Diagram • • • • • • • • Ovaries Fallopian Tubes Uterus Cervix Vagina Pubic Bone Labia Majora Labia Minora - Clitoris - Hymen - Bladder - Urethra - Rectum - Anus Internal Organs Ovaries • the reproductive glands in which eggs are produced. Two important functions of the ovaries: • Produce the female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone • Release mature egg cells, a process known as ovulation Female Sex Hormones Estrogen • the sex hormone that activates certain physical changes at puberty, such as breast development and controls the maturation of eggs. Progesterone • activates changes to a woman’s reproductive system before and during pregnancy. Internal Organs Fallopian Tubes • are two passageways that carry eggs away from the ovaries. • When the ovary releases an egg during ovulation, the fingerlike ends of the fallopian tube draw the egg into the tube. • Tiny hair like extensions called cilia line the tube and sweep the egg towards the uterus. • If sperm are present around the egg, it may be fertilized. • Fertilization - the process of a sperm cell joining with an egg. Fallopian Tube Internal Organs Uterus • is a hollow, muscular, pear-shaped organ in which a fertilized egg develops and grows. • It has several layers of tissue and a rich supply of blood that protects and nourishes a developing baby. This lining also sheds during the process of menstruation. • The narrow base of the uterus is called the cervix. When a baby is ready to be born, the cervix dilates (softens and expands) to allow the baby to pass through the vagina. Fallopian Tube Internal Organs Vagina • is a hollow muscular passage leading from the uterus to the outside of the body. • Sperm enter the female’s body through the vagina and during childbirth the baby passes out of the mother’s body through the vagina, which is also known as the birth canal. • http://kidshealth.org/teen/sexual_health/girls/fe male_repro.html Fallopian Tube External Organs Mons pubis • is a soft, fatty tissue at the base of the abdomen on top of the pubic bone. At puberty, the mons pubis becomes covered with pubic hair. • Below the mons pubis and surrounding the vaginal opening are two folds of soft skin. Fallopian Tube Mons Pubis= Layer of fatty tissue over the pubic bone External Organs Labia majora • the outer folds of skin that are covered with pubic hair. Labia minora • the inner folds of skin that contain many nerve endings and blood vessels. Fallopian Tube Labia Minora Labia Majora External Organs Clitoris • is a highly sensitive organ that is located within the inner labia. • It contains many nerve endings and blood vessels, which play a role in female sexual arousal. • Just below the clitoris is a small opening that leads to the urethra, the tube through which urine leaves the body. • Below the urethral opening is the separate opening to the vagina. Fallopian Tube Labia Minora Labia Majora External Organs Hymen • the thin membrane that may partly cover the vaginal opening. • The hymen usually has several openings in it, which allow for the passage of menstrual flow. The hymen may tear for various reasons: • vigorous exercise, tampon insertion, or sexual intercourse. Also, some girls are born without a hymen. • http://kidshealth.org/misc/movie/bodybasics/bo dybasics_female_repro.html Fallopian Tube Labia Minora Labia Majora The Menstrual Cycle • is a process during which an ovary releases a mature egg that travels to the uterus; if the egg is not fertilized, the uterine lining is shed and a new cycle begins. • On average the menstrual cycle lasts 28 days. However, cycles that are shorter or longer can be normal for teens during puberty. Factors that can affect the Menstrual Cycle • • • • • Diet Stress Exercise Weight gain Weight loss Stages of the Menstrual Cycle Days 1 – 4 • the uterine lining (blood and tissue) is shed during menstruation. • A menstrual period lasts about 3 to 5 days. Most women wear either a maxi pad or tampon to absorb the flow. Days 5 –13 • an egg matures in one of the ovaries, and the uterine lining thickens. Stages of the Menstrual Cycle Days 14 – 15 • the ovary releases the mature egg during ovulation. This is the time when a female is most fertile, or able to become pregnant. Days 16 – 22 • the egg travels through the fallopian tube to the uterus and the uterine lining continues to thicken and the blood supply to it increases. Stages of the Menstrual Cycle Days 23 – 28 • the unfertilized egg enters the uterus and the uterine lining starts to break down. Then the cycle starts again. • http://kidshealth.org/misc/movie/bodybasics/bo dybasics_female_repro.html This was all for a 28 day cycle…. In order to find when a woman is most fertile: • Step 1. Find the date the woman knows she will get her period – If she is unsure, there is no way to tell when she is most fertile. • Step 2. Find how many days are in her cycle • This could be anywhere from 20-35 • Step 3. Take this number and divide by 2 to split the number of days in her cycle in half. • Step 4. Take the date she knows she will get her period, and subtract the number you got in step two (half the length of her cycle). Example • Q: If Jan has a 20 day menstrual cycle, knows she will get her period on June 19th, when is she most fertile? • A 20 day cycle means that her halfway point in her cycle is at day 10. (NOT JUNE 10TH). • If she is scheduled to get period on June 19th, that means we need to subtract ten days to find her most fertile day= June 9th-June 10th are the most fertile days “Sperm ejaculated into a woman's vagina can live in a woman's cervical mucus or upper genital tract for three to five days. Fertilization is possible as long as the sperm remain alive. Sperm ejaculated outside the body might survive in semen — the fluid released during ejaculation — up to a few hours.” -Mayo Clinic “As you might already know, in order for conception to take place, at least one healthy and vigorous sperm must be waiting in the Fallopian tube at the moment that ovulation occurs, and must be able to fertilize the egg within 12-24 hours of the egg being released from the ovary.” -AmericanPregnancy This means, if sperm is not present BEFORE ovulation, it must be there within ONE DAY after ovulation to be able to fertilize the egg. • Q: If Jan has a 20 day menstrual cycle, knows she will get her period on June 19th, when is she most fertile? List all the “definitely unsafe” days. • To find the unsafe safe days, take the first date where she is most fertile, subtract 5 days, then take the second day she is most fertile, and add a day. • You should have a span of 8 definitely unsafe days. Menstrual Discomfort Cramps • are caused by contractions of the uterus during the menstrual period. Ways to relieve cramps: • Moderate exercise • Warm bath • Heating pad on the abdomen • Take aspirin or ibuprofen Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) • Discomfort or symptoms that some women experience a week to 10 days before their menstrual period. • This is caused by the dramatic change in hormone levels prior to menstruation. • Symptoms include: nervous tension, mood swings, headaches, bloating, or irritability. Ways to reduce symptoms of PMS: • Reduce intake of salt, sugar, and caffeine • Get regular exercise • Stress reduction techniques Old-School Period Planning • • • • Softened papyrus (ancient Egypt) Lint wrapped around wood (ancient Greece) Paper (ancient Japan) “Bird's Eye," absorbent cotton (1800s-1900s America) • Cellulose bandages (France, early 1900s) Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS) • A rare, but serious medical condition that is caused by a bacterial infection and is associated with tampon use. • Symptoms include: high fever, rash, vomiting, diarrhea and dizziness. • To reduce the risk of TSS, women should use tampons with the lowest possible absorbency for their needs and change tampons often. Keeping Healthy: Caring for the female reproductive system • Cleanliness or proper hygiene • Sexual abstinence to avoid STI’s and unplanned pregnancy • Prompt treatment for infections o Vaginitis: a vaginal infection caused by yeast or bacteria Consult your doctor for diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Urinary Tract Infection -When germs get into your urinary system by way of the urethra, it can cause infection that can sometimes travel to the bladder if it is not treated right away. If you do not take care of a bladder infection, it can spread to your kidneys. A kidney infection is serious and can cause permanent damage. What causes urinary tract infections? •The germs that usually cause these infections live in your large intestine and are found in your stool. If these germs get inside your urethra, they can travel up into your bladder and kidneys and cause an infection. •Women tend to get more bladder infections than men. (shorter urethras) •Having sex can make it easier for germs to get into your urethra. •You may be more likely to get an infection if you do not drink enough fluids, you have diabetes, or you are pregnant. Urinary Tract Infections Symptoms… Call your doctor right away if you experience bolded: • You feel pain or burning when you urinate. • You feel like you have to urinate often, but not much urine comes out when you do. • Your belly feels tender or heavy. • Your urine is cloudy or smells bad. • You have pain on one side of your back under your ribs. This is where your kidneys are. • You have fever and chills. • You have nausea and vomiting. Keeping Healthy: Caring for the female reproductive system • Breast Self Exam • Consult a doctor for heavy bleeding during menstruation • Period stops completely after being regular • Bleeding in between regular periods • Yearly Pelvic Exam Keeping Healthy: Caring for the female reproductive system • Medical Check-ups: Pap Smear: a medical procedure in which a sample of cells is taken from the cervix and examined under a microscope to check for cervical cancer. Recommended for those over 21 every other year. Pelvic Exam: an internal exam where a doctor checks the uterus and ovaries. Recommended yearly for women who are sexually active. -Exam: Detection and treatment of other reproductive problems, such as: ovarian cysts, endometriosis, and infertility. Male Reproductive System • The functions of the male reproductive system are to produce sex hormones, to produce and store sperm, and to deliver sperm to the female reproductive system. Male R.S. • • • • • • • • Penis Glans Penis Foreskin Scrotum Testes Vas Deferens Epididymis Urethra -Bladder -Seminal Vesicles -Prostate Gland -Cowper’s Gland -Ejaculatory Duct External Organs Penis -the external sexual organ through which sperm leave the body. • The Glans Penis is the bulbous head or tip of the penis • The tip of the penis is covered with loose skin, called the foreskin. • Some males have the foreskin removed shortly after birth. This surgical procedure is called circumcision. Penis External Organs Scrotum • a sac of skin that contains the testes and regulates their temperature. • The testes temperature is a few degrees lower than the temperature inside the body, this allows the sperm to develop properly and stay alive. Penis Internal Organs Testes • the male reproductive glands that produce sperm and testosterone. Sperm • are the male reproductive cells. Testosterone • the sex hormone that affects the production of sperm and signals physical changes at puberty, such as growth of facial hair. Penis Testes The Pathway of Sperm • Sperm are produced in the testes. They mature and are stored in the epididymis. • Sperm travel through the vas deferens to the seminal vesicles. The vas deferens is lined with cilia to help the sperm move. Penis Testes The Pathway of Sperm • Seminal vesicles add a fluid that provides a source of energy for the active sperm. • The prostate gland adds a fluid that protects the sperm. • The Cowper’s Gland (Bulbourethral glands) add a fluid that protects sperm from acidic conditions in the urethra. Penis Testes The Pathway of Sperm Semen • the mixture of sperm cells and fluids from the seminal vesicles, prostate gland and Bulbourethral glands. Urethra • a tube that passes through the penis to the outside of the body. It carries urine and sperm, but not at the same time. • http://kidshealth.org/misc/movie/bodybasics/ma le_repro.html Penis Testes Release of Sperm Ejaculation • the ejection of semen from the penis. It occurs when the penis is in an erect state. Erection • the state in which the penis becomes larger and stiffer as chambers in it become filled with blood. Penis Testes Keeping Healthy: Caring for the male reproductive system • Cleanliness or proper hygiene • Sexual abstinence to avoid STI’s • Protection from Trauma o Wear a “cup” during athletic activities Pathway of Sperm Activity Where the sperm is created 1st 2nd All together 3rd =…. Where it is released Lastly Keeping Healthy: Caring for the male reproductive system • Be careful when lifting heavy objects Hernia: pressure in the abdomen during lifting can push a loop of the intestines out of the abdominal cavity. Inguinal hernia: when part of the intestine pushes into the scrotum. surgery is needed to correct the problem. Keeping Healthy: Caring for the male reproductive system • Use caution during strenuous exercise Testicular torsion: the twisting of a testis so that the blood vessels leading to the testis also twists, cutting off the blood supply. *This is a medical emergency and surgery is required to keep the testes alive. Keeping Healthy: Caring for the male reproductive system • Testicular Self Exam Testicular cancer is the most common type of cancer in males between the ages of 15 and 34. • Consult a doctor for pain when urinating, unusual discharges, or sores on genitals. • Medical Check-ups Detection and treatment for other reproductive problems, such as: hernias, prostate cancer, and infertility.