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Unit 1 Review
Industrialization of the United
States
The Civil War Amendments:
13th: Abolishment of Slavery
14th: Citizenship for African Americans
15th: Voting rights for African American males
After the abolition of slavery by the, many ex-slave states adopted versions
of the Black Code systems that restricted the Freedmen, who were free but
not yet citizens. They gave freedmen only a limited set of second-class civil
rights, and no voting rights. Southern plantation owners feared that they
would lose their land or, if not, that blacks would not do their field work.
The Gilded Age
The term "The Gilded Age" comes from a novel of the
same name published in 1873 by Mark Twain
It is a time of rampant economic and political corruption
in the United States during the nineteenth century.
At the time the U.S. followed the
policy of Laissez Faire which is
a doctrine opposing governmental
interference in economic affairs
beyond the minimum necessary for
the maintenance of peace and
property rights. This policy allowed
monopolies to form which reduced
business competition.
Robber Barons who drove other companies out of
business or Captains of Industry who built this country?
John D. Rockefeller
Andrew Carnegie
(Standard Trust Oil)
(Carnegie Steel)
Sherman Antitrust Act (Sherman Act)
-passed in 1890 to control and breakup monopolies
-first Federal statute to limit monopolies, and today still forms the basis for
most antitrust litigation by the United States federal government.
-politicians were unwilling to enforce this law until Teddy Roosevelt's
Presidency (1901-1909).
Social
Darwinism
V.
The wealthy entrepreneur must
assume the responsibility of
distributing his fortune in a way
that it will be put to good use (i.e.
universities, libraries, etc.
Any attempt to provide
welfare for the poor is a
tragically misguided
mistake. Feeding or
housing the poor simply
permits them to survive
and to transmit their
unfitness to their
children, who in turn
would pass it on to their
children.
Edwin Drake drilled the first
oil well in Pennsylvania
Thomas Edison invented many
things including the light bulb.
Alexander Graham Bell
invented the phone.
The invention of the Bessemer
steel process strengthened
steel so new things like
skyscrapers could be built…the
elevator helped to!
Although
industrialization
provided many
cheap products
it was difficult on
the workers who
suffered unsafe
conditions, long
hours and
repetitive jobs.
Before laws were
passed stopping
it, many children
also worked in
factories. 5% of
the factory
workers were
children.
Unions are organizations
where the workers
bargain with the factory
owner as a group
in order to get more pay,
shorter hours, and
better conditions.
*The American Federation of Labor
(AFL) was founded in 1886 by
Samuel Gompers
*The AFL's “bread and butter
unionism” favored pursuit of workers'
immediate demands, rather than
challenging the rights of owners
under capitalism.
*The AFL was limited to skilled
workers.
There were 3 major very
violent strikes in the late
1800’s including:
The Haymarket Square
Riot,1886
The Homestead strike, 1892
The Pullman Strike, 1893
In each of these strikes the
government called out the
police, army, etc to break up
the strike and force the
strikers back to work.
CHART
Immigration, 1870-1910
After 1870 immigrants
predominantly came from
Eastern and Southern
Europe, the Middle East,
and Asia (before that they
usually came from
Western Europe). These
immigrants were called
the New Immigrants and
often had little in common
with native born
Americans (language,
religion, culture, etc.).
Dislike or fear of
immigrants is called
NATIVISM.
If you came
from
Europe, the
main point
of entry
was
through
Ellis Island
off the
coast of
New York
City
Ellis Island
If you came from Asia and entered
the country on the West Coast you
checked in at Angel Island off the
coast of San Francisco.
Public education expanded significantly after the Civil War.
One of the major purposes of education was
Americanization of immigrants.
The Chinese Exclusion Act was the first
significant restriction on free immigration in U.S.
history. It excluded Chinese laborers from the
country under penalty of imprisonment and
deportation.
Newly arrived rural Americans (Farmers) and
new immigrants crowded into urban areas.
Tenements spread across city landscapes,
teeming with crime and filth.
Land was distributed in 3 main ways
in the west:
Homestead Act
Morrill Land Grant Act
Gov. gave land to railroads who then
sold the excess for a premium price
after building the railroad.
The Homestead Act (1862) offered 160 acres of unoccupied land to
any head of household who lived on the land for five years.
EXODUSTERS was the name given to ex-slaves who received land
in the west.
Morrill Land Grant Act: States were given blocks of land to sell and
build state colleges.
Railroads were given land by
the government to build the
railroad. They sold the excess
land at a premium price. The
railroads became the biggest
land owners in the west.
The 3 main jobs available in the
west were farming, mining, and
ranching. All 3 of these were
subject to Boom and Bust cycles
(rich one year and broke the
next).
The invention of barbed wire ended the era of the
great cattle drives
With the arrival of the settlers taking advantage of the Homestead
Act in 1862, there began to be violence between the Plains Tribes
and the Homesteaders.
To solve this problem the government put the Native Americans on
limited reservations and told them to farm. The Plains Tribes were
nomads who followed the buffalo and did not want to farm.
Following the buffalo for food caused the Native Americans to leave their
reservations.
The U.S. army attempted to force them back onto the reservations.
Famous battles/massacres included Sand Creek, Little Big Horn, and
Wounded Knee.
In 1881 Helen Hunt Jackson published the book "Century of Dishonor" in
which she outlined all the inequities perpetrated against the Indians.
Jackson's book was well received and Congress appointed a commission to
look into Indian affairs.
The result was the Dawes Act.
The Dawes Act,1887, was passed by the
U.S. to break up the reservations
(Dawes Divided!) and given Native
Americans their own piece of land of
160 acres
The aim of the act was to absorb tribe
members into American society and to
free up reservation land for American
settlement.
-1892, 30-year-old Homer Plessy was jailed for sitting in the "White" car of the
East Louisiana Railroad.
-Plessy deliberately sat in the white section and was arrested and the case went
all the way to the United States Supreme Court.
-1896, the Supreme Court of the United States heard the case and held the
Louisiana segregation statute constitutional
-The Plessy decision set the precedent that "separate" facilities for blacks and
whites were constitutional as long as they were "equal."
-The "separate but equal" doctrine was quickly extended to cover many areas of
public life, such as restaurants, theaters, restrooms, and public schools.
In the late 1800’s many southern
states passed laws intended to
restrict the African American vote
such as:
Literacy Tests
and
Poll Taxes
IF a person’s grandfather could vote
prior to 1865 (Grandfather Clause)
however they did not have to meet
these qualifications!
Booker
T=work
hard and
prove
worthy of
equal rights
(established
Tuskegee
Institute)
W.E.B.
Dubois=
Equal
rights
NOW!
(NAACP)
Because of Garfield’s
assassination, Senator George
Pendleton proposed civil
service exams for government
positions instead of the spoils
system (Pendleton Civil Service
Act)