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Unit 2
Exploration and Colonization
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Unit 2 – Exploration and Colonization
Lesson 1 –
Essential Question: How did Europeans learn about other cultures?
During the _________________, few Europeans knew anything
about Asia or Africa or even about nearby kingdoms. The first people of
the Middle Ages to travel to distant regions were the Norse, or “________
___________,” who lived in what are today ____________, ___________,
and _____________. Norse sailors often acted more like pirates than
traders. They were also called the _________. Viking raids terrified
people of Europe for centuries. Around 1000 A.D., the Vikings became the
first Europeans to reach _____________________. They sailed west and
built settlements in ____________ and ___________________.
The ______________, a war fought for the control of Jerusalem,
gave Europe greater contact with Asia. Many Europeans who joined the
Crusades returned with items that were unknown in Europe, such as _____
or _________. People were willing to ______ a lot for items such as
cotton, pepper, and cinnamon. They became ___________ who made a
profit by charging more than they paid for products. __________ is the
money that remains after the costs of running a business. Soon a new
class of people formed called ______________. Merchants made their
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living from buying and selling __________. Some merchants exchanged
goods for other goods, rather than for ___________. This system is called
_________.
__________________ was one of the most famous merchants in
Europe. He lived in Asia for many years before returning to Europe. He
wrote about his travels in The Travels of Marco Polo and inspired many
Europeans to look for _______________ to Asia. The _____________
was a collection of roads that connected China, India, and the
Mediterranean region. Through this trade route, Europeans learned about
the _____________________, ___________________, and the ________
__________________.
In the 1400s ______________ was a small country on the Atlantic
coast of Western Europe. At that time land routes to Asia were controlled
by Portugal’s enemies. ____________________ from Portugal believed
that ships could sail south along the western coast of Africa to reach
_______. He wanted to find new sea routes to Africa and beyond to
increase Portugal’s ___________. Prince Henry invited experts in
__________________, __________________, and __________________
to his palace. He set up a ___________ where experts worked on
navigation. Mapmaking experts taught Portuguese ____________ to make
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maps of the lands they would explore. Later these maps would be valuable
tools because they showed the safest routes to follow along the ________
_________. By 1460 Prince Henry’s ships sailed along more than 2,000
miles of the African coastline. In 1488, Batolomeu Dias sailed around the
southern tip of Africa, known as the _______________________________.
Another Portuguese explorer, Vasco da Gama, sailed across the ________
__________ and landed in India on May 20, 1498.
Vocabulary:
Profit –
Barter –
Merchant –
Navigation –
Lesson 2 –
Essential Question: How did Spanish explorers bring change to the
Americas?
European explorers were only interested in reaching one place, the
________, or what we call today, Asia. A skilled sailor from Italy named
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_____________________________ approached the rulers of Portugal and
Spain with his idea of sailing in the “wrong” direction. He believed that
sailing _________ for about 3,000 miles would bring him to the Indies.
Many of the rulers were not interested in his idea. Finally, Queen
_____________ and King _______________ of Spain agreed to pay for
the ships for Columbus. On August 3, 1492, Columbus left Spain with
three ships, the ________, the ________, and the ___________________.
On October 12th they sighted land on the horizon.
Columbus was looking for a sea route to Asia when he landed in
_______________________. This began the Columbian Exchange of food,
animals, and tools between the _______________ and ____________.
Opinions about Christopher Columbus have changed. At first he was
“Admiral of the Ocean Sea,” hailed as a visionary sailor and __________
explorer. Recently, historians have considered his voyages from the
perspective of ____________________________. The _____________
treatment of the natives cannot be ignored. Was Columbus a heroic
explorer or a conqueror of a peaceful people?
_____________________ were introduced to new foods such as
tomatoes and corn, which improved their diets. The Europeans, however,
brought germs and disease, such as _______________ and ___________,
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which killed millions of native people. ___________ were also brought to
the Americas and made hunting easier for Native Americans. They also
brought cattle, sheep, and pigs which quickly became a new food sources
for _________________________. Native Americans also began to use
wool to make ______________.
Vocabulary:
Expedition –
Colony –
Columbian Exchange –
Lesson 3 –
Essential Question: How did the arrival of Spanish explorers change
Native American empires?
Aztecs
Tenochtitlan was the capital of the __________________. An
___________ is a large area in which different groups of people are
controlled by one ruler or government. The Aztec controlled about 6 million
people.
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In 1519, Spaniard Hernán Cortés brought more than 500
conquistadors, or _______________, with him when he landed in Mexico.
He scared many of the Aztec because they had never heard _______ fired
or seen ____________. Cortés and his men went to Tenochtitlán where
they _______________ Moctezuma II, the Aztec leader. Cortés then
demanded gold for the king’s _____________. The Aztec refused and
violence broke out. Moctezuma was killed and the Spanish took the _____.
The Spanish lost some of the battles, but they left behind a deadly weapon,
smallpox, which killed more than ______________ Aztec. Cortés and his
men returned and destroyed Tenochtitlán. ____________________ now
stands on its ruins.
Incas
After the ______________ of the Aztec Empire, the Spanish set out
to conquer the land to the south. They did not know that another empire,
the wealthiest in the world, ruled much of __________________________.
This was the _______ Empire. Most of the Inca Empire was located in the
Andes Mountain range. Although the Inca did not use __________, gold
and silver were important to the society. Inca craft workers made cups,
bowls, and plates from these ________________________. They were
used mainly by the rulers, nobles, and priests.
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In 1531, Spanish _________________ Francisco Pizarro landed on
the west coast of South America. Pizarro and his men entered Cajamarca
and killed thousands of Atahualpa’s men. Francisco Pizarro captured
Atahualpa, the ___________ of the Inca Empire. The Inca ruler offered him
a huge room full of _______ and ________, but Pizarro was dishonest and
took the gold and silver and _________ the ruler. The Inca Empire was
one of the wealthiest in the world. By 1540 Spain controlled one of the
largest _______________ in the world.
Vocabulary:
Empire –
Conquistador –
Lesson 4 –
Essential Question: How did Spain’s empire in North America
expand?
For the Spanish, North America was a ___________ in the 1500’s. A
frontier is the far edge of a settled _______. In 1513, Juan Ponce de Leon
led an _________________ in search of a Fountain of Youth. He named
the land he explored La Florida, “place of flowers.” In 1539, Hernando de
Soto landed in _____________ with hundreds of men and animals. He
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explored the southeastern United States in hopes of finding gold. Instead,
the diseases his men and animals carried killed thousands of __________
_______________.
With each expedition, _____________ carried by the men and
animals spread quickly among Native Americans. In 1540, Francisco
Vasquez de Coronado led an expedition of Spaniards across what is now
the southwestern United States. He and his men were the first Europeans
to see the _____________________________.
By 1550, a growing number of Spaniards settled in ______________.
Spanish rulers took tighter control of the new colonies. Spanish rulers gave
encomiendas, ___________________________, to colonists who were
loyal to them. That land included many Native American villages. The
natives then became slaves. They were forced to work for _____________
landowners. Many Native Americans died from _______________,
_____________, or _________________. Some ______________, or
people who spread their religion, spoke out against the cruel treatment.
The Spanish brought the first enslaved _______________ to Mexico.
To enslave people is to force them to _____________________________.
By 1550, more than 5,000 enslaved Africans were working in the fields in
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New Spain. From 1600 to 1680, the Spanish built over 20 settlements in
____________________. These settlements became important centers for
______________ and for _______________ natural resources. By the
1800s the ________________ controlled much of what is now Texas, New
Mexico, Arizona, and California.
Vocabulary:
Frontier –
Missionary –
Enslave –
Mestizo –
Lesson 5 –
Essential Question: How did the search for the Northwest Passage
affect people?
In the 1490s and 1500s, many Europeans believed there was a
________________ across North America. They believed this route
connected the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. This shortcut was called the
_________________________. In 1497, the King of England hired John
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Cabot, an Italian, to find this shorter route to Asia. Cabot did not find a
Northwest Passage. However, he did find something valuable, _______.
These waters were so crowed with fish that sailors scooped them into
baskets dropped over the sides of their ships.
In 1524, France hired an Italian explorer named Giovanni da
Verrazano to search for the Northwest Passage. He reached the mouth of
the ______________________in New York, but did not find the Northwest
Passage.
In 1602, Dutch merchants founded the first ____________________
______________. A merchant company was a group of business people
who shared the ________ of a trading voyage. They would also share the
____________ from the spices brought back from Asia. One merchant
company that was willing to take the risk was the ____________________
__________________. In 1609, they hired Henry Hudson to find a
shortcut to Asia. When he reached New York Harbor, he mapped it and
traded with the local Native Americans. Hudson’s reports of rich ______
and _______________ would encourage the Dutch to start a colony there.
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Vocabulary:
Northwest Passage –
Merchant Company –
Lesson 6 –
Essential Question: What happened when the French settled in
America?
In 1534, Jacques Cartier reached a peninsula near the St. Lawrence
River and claimed it for ___________. France paid little attention to the
colony for nearly 60 years. Starting in 1598, France tried to establish a
__________________ settlement in New France. They hoped that the
settlement would expand the _______________ and make money for
France. These attempts failed.
In 1608, King Henry IV sent Samuel de Champlain to be the first
governor of New France. Champlain established a fur trading post at
____________. Champlain knew that if he managed the colony well he
could make a lot of ___________ in the fur trade. The French became
__________, or political and military partners, with the Native Americans.
Many French men became hunter and ________________ called
coureurs de bois, or “runners of the woods.” So many trappers came to
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New France that Europe’s _____________ of furs soared. Import means
to bring in goods from another country for sale or use. __________ means
to send goods to another country.
Vocabulary:
Ally –
Coureurs de Bois –
Import –
Export –
Voyageur –
Lesson 7 –
Essential Question: What challenges did early English settlers face in
North America?
While Spain was getting rich from its colonies in the Americas,
England’s Queen Elizabeth I and her adviser, Sir Walter Raleigh, came up
with a plan to make _____________ a power in the Americas. In 1585,
Queen Elizabeth gave Sir Walter Raleigh a ___________. A charter is ___
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___________________________________________________________.
Raleigh called the new colony _____________in honor of Queen Elizabeth.
After sending explorers to find a good place for a colony, he decided
upon what is now _______________, North Carolina. Many of the
colonists had little experience living off the ________. They traded with the
Native American groups for ________ and supplies. After a difficult winter
the colonists returned to England. In 1587, ________________ and a
second group of colonists settled in Virginia. Supplies ran low and White
returned to England for help. White did not return until 1590 because of a
war in Europe. When he arrived, the colony was _________. No one
knows what happened to the _______________. It is referred to as the
“Lost Colony.”
In 1607, the _________________________ sent a group of 144 men
and boys to start a new settlement. The colonists landed near a river they
named the ___________ River. They built a new settlement there called
__________________. It was the first ________________, or long lasting,
English settlement in North America.
The Jamestown colony soon ran out of food. It survived only
because of the leadership of __________________. Smith forced the
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colonists to plant __________ and build ___________. The Jamestown
colonists discovered that Virginia had the perfect soil and climate for
growing _____________. Tobacco became Virginia’s first cash crop, or
___________________________________________________________.
Soon the demand for tobacco was so great that new _________ were
needed. The colonists decided to take land that belonged to the Powhatan,
a group of nearby ____________________________. To attract workers,
the Virginia Company paid ____________________________ from Europe
for people who would work in the tobacco fields. These _______________
______________ promised to pay back the travel expenses by working five
to seven years.
The Virginia Company allowed colonists to establish a colonial
______________ similar to the one in England. The representatives were
known as _______________. The assembly called the House of
Burgesses made ________ for the colony. Only ________________
_________________________ could vote for representatives.
In 1622, the Powhatan attacked the English villages. Nearly 350
English settlers were killed. King James I canceled the Virginia Company
charter and made the colony a ___________colony under direct control of
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the king. A royal colony is a colony in which the king rules, not business
people.
On September 16, 1620, the _______________ and other colonists
boarded the Mayflower at Plymouth, England and set sail for ___________.
For 66 days the tiny, crowded ship crossed the Atlantic Ocean and finally in
November, someone spotted land. The _________________ had reached
land, but not Virginia. The Pilgrims came ashore on Cape Cod in what is
now _______________________. The Pilgrims called their settlement
___________________________. Before the Pilgrims left the ship, they
wrote a form of government for their new colony. The called their
agreement the ________________________________. The compact, or
_________________, was an early plan of self-government by colonists in
North America.
By the end of the first winter, almost half of the 100 settlers died from
starvation and disease. If it had not been for the Native Americans, all of
the settlers might have ________.
Vocabulary:
Charter –
Cash Crop –
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Indentured Servant –
House of Burgesses –
Pilgrim –
Sachem –
Notes for Test: