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SPS Capacity Building Program (SPS CBP) presents: TRAINING WORKSHOP ON ARTHROPOD PRESERVATION, CURATION AND DATA MANAGEMENT Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Cibinong, Indonesia, 26-30 September 2005 INTRODUCTION TO ORDER HEMIPTERA Sri Suharni Siwi LIPI ASEANET Widyasatwaloka Reseacrh Center for Biology – LIPI, Cibinong INDONESIA 1 INTRODUCTION TO ORDER HEMIPTERA Sri Suharni Siwi Suborder: Homoptera (Sternorrhyncha, Auchenorrhyncha), Heteroptera (Greek: hemi = half; pteron = wing) Common names: aphids, scale insects, white flies, leafhoppers, cicadas and bugs. Distribution: Cosmopolitan Hot to recognize (description): The Hemiptera are the dominant group of exopterygota insects. They range in length from less than 1 to 110 mm, and comprise insects with a great range of different structural and behavioral features and occupying a wide variety of environment. The most characteristic features is the structure of the mouthparts, which are highly efficient for extracting the liquid contents of plants or animal prey. Bugs possess piercing-sucking mouthparts in a simple tube (rostrum) formed by modification of the insect’s lower tip (labium). Inside the tube, modified mandibles from canals which allow an upward flow of liquid food and a downward flow of saliva. The modified mandibles are called sylets. Often the rostrum is held under the head but is brought forward during feeding. Compound eyes are usually present and well developed; simple eyes (ocelli) may be present. Antennae may be short with only a few segments, or well developed and more less filiform. Most species possess two pairs of wings, but some have only one pair and a few species have none. The order name describes a character of the many bugs in which the front pair of wings is modified so that the basal half of each wing is hardened (sclerotic) to form a protective cover (a hemelytra). As the wing bugs are folded flat on the abdomen, this makes the insect appear as if half of each of forewings is missing. In the remainder of the order, the wings are held over the abdomen rather like two sides of a house roof (cicada, etc.). Most Hemiptera are terrestrial and phytophagous. In suborder of Homoptera, the family Cicadellidae is a very diverse of group of Auchenorrhyncha, and the largest in number, more than 15.000 species described. Most species are phloem feeders and 2 important as vector of virus diseases. At species level, examination of the male genitalia is essential. In suborder Heteroptera (true bugs), include groups which are carnivorous and often produce a repellent odour-used for defense from a specialized gland. Many of which are also aquatic, such as water boatman (family Corixidae). Members: Bugs, water strides, water scorpion, water bugs, water boatman, cicadas, leafhoppers, spittlebugs, aphid, psyllids and whiteflies. Habitat, Plant, Food: Bugs feed on liquid obtained from plant or animals including man. Any part of the plant may used as food: leaves, stems, fruits or roots. Blood is consumed by some species, while others consume insect body fluid. Importance: The plant feeding bugs are considered serious pests in agriculture such as brown plant hoppers Nilaparvata lugens in rice plant and the green leafhopper Nephotettix virescens, besides direct feeding also act as vector of virus diseases. Scale insect infestations can seriously damage citrus crops and ornamentals, and aphid attack can harm various ornamentals such as Macrosiphum rosae in roses. The characteristics of Aphids: soft-bodied insects up to 4 mm long; most have a pair of siphunculi/cornicles towards the posterior end of the abdomen and long antennae. They often form large colonies on leaves and stems. In the tropics, about 30 species are pests. . Many species have been implicated as major vectors of plant virus diseases, but damage by sap depletion, saliva toxicity and sooty mould growth can also be serious. How to collect and handle the Hemiptera: Since different species are active at different times of the day, at least some kinds of insects can be collected at any hour. Terrestrial Hemiptera may be collected with a net (particularly by sweeping vegetation), at lights, aspirator, baiting trap or by examining such specialized habitats as leaf litter, under bark and in fungi. The aquatic bugs can be collected by means of the aquatic collecting equipment. 3 Preservation: Kill and preserve nymphs in 80% ethanol. Most Hemiptera adults are preserved dry on pins or points. Pin large Heteroptera through the right side of scutellum (hemelytron); care must be taken in pinning not to destroy structures on the ventral side of the thorax that will be used in identification. Pin medium sized species through base of right wing. Very small Heteroptera may be glued to apex of card triangle with its tip bent down. Set left pair of wings of Auchenorrhyncha with anterior margin of hindwing at right angles to body and forewing immediately in front. Most Hemiptera, less than 10 mm in length should be mounted on points, or should be stages on micropin and pith or glued to apex of card triangle with specimen lying on its left side. Specimens mounted on points should be mounted so that the beak, legs, and ventral side of the body are not embedded in glue. If specimen is mounted dorsal side up on the tip of a point, the point should not extend beyond the middle of the ventral side of the insect. Kill and preserve Stenorrhyncha in 80% ethanol. Scale insect may be preserved dry on host plant and placed in vial. Killing bottle made for most Hemiptera is a small bottle or larger bottle depend on the size of insect to be killed, at the based poured with sodium or potassium cyanide, finely granular or powdered form with wet plaster. After the wet plaster has been poured in, the bottle should be left uncorked a day or two, until the plaster has thoroughly set and dried, then it is corked. A poison label is put on. Another material that can be used as killing agents in insect bottles is ethyl acetate, carbon tetrachloride and chloroform. Ethyl acetate is the least dangerous of the three to use. Mounting on microscope slides Many small arthropods (thrips, lice, fleas, mites, aphid) or isolated body parts as genitalia are best studied when mounted on microscope slides. Material so mounted is generally transferred to a slide from preserving fluid, and the mount may be temporary or permanent. The media for temporary slides mounts are glycerine, and for permanent 4 slides mount the most commonly used resin is balsam. Specimens mounted in a resin must first be dehydrated (by running through successively increasing concentration of alcohol: 70, 95, 100 %)., and then through xylol and into resin. For dark colored or thick bodied specimens or such structures as genitalia, must be cleared before mounting. Several substances used as clearing agents is potassium hydroxide (KOH), that can be used for almost any arthropod or arthropod structure. After clearing in KOH, the specimens should be washed in water (preferably with a little acetic acid added) to remove any excess of the KOH. KOH can be used cold that the clearing may require from a few hours or warm, the specimen may be boiled in few minutes. It is sometimes desirable to stain an insect before it is mounted, very commonly used is acid fuchsin. 5