Download War of 1812

War of 1812
British v U.S.
Causes
• British blockade of Europe- U.S. ships seized
• Impressment-forcing Americans into British Navy
• Chesapeake Incident-Br. Attack after refusal to
allow search killing 3 wounding 18
• U.S. Embargo backfires, hurting U.S. economy
• British supply Native Americans with guns
• War Hawks-senators from the “west” want
protection from Native attack
Chesapeake v Shannon
On June 1st 1813 the USS Chesapeake is
captured and attacked by the British Shannon.
Tecumseh “the prophet”-unites
tribes
“The Great Spirit gave this great land to his red children”
-Tecumseh
Battle of Tippecanoe
•
On November 7, 1811, then-Governor William Henry Harrison
defeated the Shawnee warriors at the Battle of Tippecanoe in what
is now the state of Indiana.
•We learn the British are supplying Natives with
guns
Memorial at battlefield
War Hawks- Democratic-Republican members of
Congress who advocated war against Britain, typically from
Southern and Western states
“On to Canada”
Wanting to rid
the British from
threatening the
U.S, this became
the rally cry.
John C. Calhoun
South Carolina
Henry Clay
Kentucky
Mr. Madison’s War
• Shaky start for both the U.S. and Britain
neither country quite prepared for battle
• The war was conducted in four theatres of operations:
– The Atlantic Ocean
– The Great Lakes and the Canadian frontier
– The coast of the United States
– The Southern States
The Atlantic Ocean
• USS Constitution defeats the Guerriere July 12,1812 outside Boston
• Most early Naval Battles here ended in U.S. victory due to heavier
guns and an overworked Royal Navy
Great Lakes
Fighting in this region went back and forth until…
“We have met
the enemy and
they are ours.”
-Oliver Hazard Perry,
after victory on
Lake Erie, ensuring
American control
there.
Canadian Frontier
• Battle of Thames
• Badly outnumbered,
the British and Indian
allies are defeated.
• End to unity among
Native tribes
Oct. 5th 1813, Tecumseh
Is killed by Richard M. Johnson
Coast of the U.S.
• British Blockade the Coast
• Strategic Point- Chesapeake Bay
• British “thrash” American militia and enter
Washington D.C.
• Set fire to nearly all public buildings
including White House and the Capitol
• Madison fled to Virginia, low point of war
Burning the Capitol
•
Burned out shell of the White House
Dolly Madison
Saves
Washington’s
portrait
Baltimore Harbor
• U.S. troops were able to defend Fort McHenry,
British troops withdrew from Chesapeake Bay
• Frances Scott Key-lawyer negotiating release of a
prisoner of war was inspired by events and wrote a
poem of what he saw
Southern States
• Andrew Jackson v Creek Indian at
Horseshoe Bend (Alabama)
“We speak of the War of 1812, but in truth there were
two wars. The war between the Americans and the
British ended with the treaty of Ghent. The war
between the Big Knives [American frontiersmen] and
the Indians began at Tippecanoe, and arguably did
not run its course until the last Red Sticks were
defeated in the Florida swamps in 1818 (Sugden
401).”
•This battle was more related to control over
southern land than a Creek/British alliance
Battle of New Orleans
• British Navy breaks through little resistance at
the mouth of the Mississippi
• Jackson sets up defensive position 8 miles down
river
• Jackson engages the British in battle with
minimal losses forcing the British to stall their
attack
• With reinforcements of heavy artillery and
earthworks the U.S. troops outlast the British
ammo.
• British were never able to scale the “earthworks”
and withdrew forces confirming U.S. victory
Andrew Jackson
commanding
American troops.
Engraving by H. B. Hall
after W. Momberger.
Battle Map of New Orleans
Treaty of Ghent
• Signed by U.S. and
British Christmas Eve
1814, about 2 weeks
before the battle of New
Orleans came to an
end.
• Armistice-agreement to
end the fighting
Was it worth it?
British and U.S. resolve issues from the war
• 1815 treaty reopened trade with out the
fear of impressment
• 1817 Rush-Bagot treaty limited war ships
on the Great Lakes reducing fear of attack
• 1818 northern boundary of Louisiana
decided at 49th parallel and a 10 year joint
occupation of Oregon Territory
• The War of 1812 unites
America and rushes in a
period of Nationalism,
also known as
“The Era Of Good Feelings.”
Recap- Causes and Effects
The War of 1812
Causes
• British Interfere with Am.
Shipping
• British arm Native
Americans, interfering
with western expansion
• Southerners want Florida,
which is owned by
Britain’s ally, Spain
• War Hawks want to expel
British completely from
North America
Effects
•Revealed need for strong
standing army
•Encouraged American
Nationalism
• Brought an end to the
Federalist Party
•Shattered the strength of
Native American
Resistance
•Paved the way for
American acquisition of
Florida