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Transcript
In radioactivity, the nucleus of an unstable isotope or element decays spontaneously and gives off rays and particles. Table O lists the decay particles and rays. MASS CHARGE The alpha particle is a positively charged particle. The alpha particle will be attracted to the negative side of the magnet (red) because the red is the negative end. The gamma particle has no charge, so it will not be attracted to either side. The beta particle is negatively charged particle. The beta particle will be attracted to the positive end of the magnet. Question: Draw the correct transmutation for the radioactive isotope 220Fr. What element does it transmutate into? 220 4 He + X Fr 87 2 220Fr spontaneously decays and gives off alpha particles When the nucleus of an element is first bombarded with high energy particles!! THEN it decays and changes into a new element! **Artificial Transmutations are easy to spot!! If you see an atom AND one of the high energy particles on left side of arrow combining to make a new element on the right side of arrow, then it is an artificial transmutation!! In other words: Artificial Transmutations Have TWO reactants Natural Transmutations Have ONE reactant One atom absorbs a neutron and splits into two or more pieces, giving off a tremendous amount of energy. 235 92U + 1 0n → 23692U 141 56Ba + 9236Kr + 310n + energy Fission occurs in nuclear reactors and the atomic bomb (chain reaction) FISSION is Division When the two light nuclei unite to form a heavier nucleus. 2 1H + 2 1H → 4 2He This is the type of energy that exists on the SUN, and the HYDROGEN BOMB. Fusion requires extremely high temperature and pressure in order for it to occur. Fusion creates more energy than fission FUSION is a union NOTHING CAN CHANGE THE HALF LIFE OF A RADIOISOTOPE! 1. Tracers: Used to trace the path of chemical reactions in living organisms (Carbon-14). 2. Medical Uses: Used in medical diagnosis and treatment of diseases! Isotopes with very short half-lives are used for this because they decay very quickly! Examples: Technetium -99 : Used to pinpoint brain tumors! Iodine -131: Used to diagnose and treat thyroid disorders! Radium & Cobalt-60: Used in cancer treatment! 3. Food Storage: Radiation kills bacteria, yeast, and mold in food, therefore permitting food to be stored for longer periods of time! 4. Radioactive Dating: Geologic Dating: Based on half-life! Certain radioactive elements occur naturally in ROCK and so they are used to find the AGE of certain rocks! Examples: URANIUM-238 & LEAD-206 Dating Living Materials: Can help determine the age of wood, bone, animal skin, etc… Example: CARBON -14 & CARBON-12 5. Nuclear Power: Nuclear reactors are used for ELECTRICAL ENERGY!! 6. Indiustrial Measurement: Used to measure the thickness of certain metals. Example: Alpha, Beta, and Gamma particles! 4. Radioactive Dating: Geologic Dating: Based on half-life! Certain radioactive elements occur naturally in ROCK and so they are used to find the AGE of certain rocks! Examples: URANIUM-238 & LEAD-206 Dating Living Materials: Can help determine the age of wood, bone, animal skin, etc… Example: CARBON -14 & CARBON-12 5. Nuclear Power: Nuclear reactors are used for ELECTRICAL ENERGY!! 6. Indiustrial Measurement: Used to measure the thickness of certain metals. Example: Alpha, Beta, and Gamma particles!