Download Chapter 9 Byzantine Empire

Christian Europe Emerges
300 – 1200 C.E.
Byzantine Empire
300 – 1200 C.E.
Map of Byzantine Empire
Church and State
• Roman rule and traditions remained in the
Byzantine Empire and Constantinople.
• The Byzantine emperor appointed the
patriarch of Constantinople and intervened
in church matters.
• Religious differences and doctrinal
disputes abounded, but polytheism was
eliminated.
Constantinople
Church of Hagia Sophia
External Threats
• Byzantine Empire did not break up
because of unity of political and religious
power.
• Foreign threats included:
– Goths and Huns in North
– Sasanids in East
• Attacked for over 300 years
Losing Power
• Muslim Arabs took wealthy provinces of
Syria, Tunisia, and Egypt from Byzantines.
• Permanently reduced power of Empire.
• Empire also experienced declining
relations with the popes and princes of
Western Europe.
• Formal break between Latin and Orthodox
Churches in 1054.
Society and Decline of Urbanism
• Byzantine Empire experienced a decline of
urbanism similar to Rome.
• Middle class people moved out of cities
and into rural areas.
• Byzantine society was then characterized
by a HUGE gap between wealth of
aristocrats and poverty of peasants.
Family Life
• Family very rigid
• Women confined to
homes and wore veils if
they went out.
• Byzantine women ruled
alongside husbands
between 1028 and 1056.
• Women did not take
refuge in nunneries.
Economic Intervention
• At this time, emperors would:
– Set prices
– Controlled provision of grain to capital
– Monopolized trade on certain goods
• Results:
– Constantinople was well supplied.
– Cities and rural areas lagged behind in wealth
and technology.
Views of Byzantine Empire
• Western Europeans
began to view the
Byzantine Empire as
a crumbling power.
• Byzantines thought
that westerners were
uncouth barbarians.
Cultural Achievements
• Put together collection of Roman laws and
edicts under the title Body of Civil Law.
– Became basis of Western European civil law.
• Developed technique of making domed
buildings.
– Italian renaissance architects adopted dome
in 15th and 16th centuries.
Roman vs Byzantine Empire
• Create a Venn Diagram comparing the
“West” vs the “East”.
• The “West” would be the old Roman
Empire and the “East” which is the
Byzantine Empire.
Questions
Orally review questions 1-11.
Early Medieval Europe
300 – 1000 C.E.
From the Roman Empire to
Germanic Kingdoms…
Fifth Century C.E.
• Roman Empire breaks down
• Europe is politically fragmented
• Germanic kings ruling a number of
different kingdoms
• Western Europe continues to suffer
invasions as Muslim Arabs and Berbers
took Iberian Peninsula and go into France.
Charlemagne & the Carolingians
• The Carolingians united various Frankish
kingdoms into a larger empire.
• Under Charlemagne, this empire includes
Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy.
• Empire was subdivided by Charlemagne’s
grandsons and never united again.
Charlemagne
Charlemagne’s Empire
Charlemagne’s Church
Vikings
• Attacked England,
France, and Spain in
the late eighth and
ninth centuries.
• Settled Iceland and
Normandy, from
which the Norman
William the
Conqueror invaded
England in 1066.
A Self-Sufficient Economy
• Fall of Roman Empire brings about:
– De-Urbanization
– Decline in Trade
• Without domination of Rome’s “Great
Tradition,” regional elites become
self-sufficient and local “small traditions”
flourished.
Vassals
• Vassals held most of a king’s realm
• Most vassals granted substantial parts of
land to their vassals.
• Kings were weak because they depended
on vassals.
Fief
• Kings and nobles granted land (fief) to a
man in return for a promise to supply
military service.
• By 10th century, fiefs became hereditary.
Administration
• Kings and nobles had limited ability to
administer and tax their realms.
• Power was further limited by their inability
to tax the vast landholdings of the Church.
• Most medieval people saw the lord’s
manor as government.
Manors
• Self-Sufficient farming
estates
• Primary centers of
agricultural production
• Manors grew from
need for selfsufficiency and selfdefense.
Typical
Manor
Layout
Medieval Diet
Northern Diet
• Beer
• Lard or Butter
• Bread
Southern Diet
• Wheat
• Wine
• Olive Oil
Lord of the Manor
• Had almost unlimited power over his
agricultural workers.
– Agricultural Workers = Serfs
• Conditions of agricultural workers varied
• Tradition of a free peasantry survived in
some areas
Early Medieval Society in West
• Class of nobles emerged and developed
into mounted knights.
• Landholding and military service became
inseparable.
• Military service to a lord = feudalism
Military Security
• Need for security leads to the
development of new technology:
– Stirrup
– Bigger Horses
– Armor and Weapons of the knight
• Equipment was expensive, so knights
needed land to support themselves.
Knight’s Equipment
Horse Bit
Spur
Women
• Noble women were
pawns in marriage
politics.
• Women could own
land.
• Non-noble women
worked alongside the
men.
Vassals vs Knights
What is the difference between vassals and
knights?
Vassals vs Knights
• Vassals ruled lands granted to them by
their king. Those lands were called fiefs.
Within a fiefs, a vassal acted as a local
lord and could give portions of it to vassals
of his own. Someone might be the vassal
of one person, but the lord of another.
• Knights were warriors who fought on
horseback. In return for land, they pledged
themselves as vassals to the king. Only
the sons of lords could become knights.
The Western Church
The Structure of Christian Faith
• Christian faith and Catholic church,
headed by the Pope, were sources of unity
and order in the fragmented world of
medieval Europe.
• Church hierarchy tried to deal with
challenges to unity by calling councils of
bishops to discuss and settle questions of
doctrine.
Politics and the Church
• Popes sought to combine their religious
power with political power by forging
alliances with kings.
• Finally did so by choosing a German king
to be “Holy Roman Emperor”, Otto the
Great, in 962.
– In reality, the Holy Roman Empire was not
more than a loose coalition of German
princes.
Holy Roman Empire Map
Power Struggle
• Secular rulers in the Holy Roman Empire
argued that they should be able to appoint
bishops who held land in fief.
• Popes disagreed
• Concordat of Worms .
– a compromise in 1122
– Popes could appoint bishops
– Kings could assign where they worked
Origins of Monasticism
• Developed in Egypt in the 4th century on
the basis of previous religious practices
such as:
– Celibacy
– Devotion to Prayer
– Isolation from Society
Benedict of Nursia
• Lived from 480 – 547 C.E.
• Was the first Western monk. Lived in a
cave in Nursia, Italy.
• Was considered a hermit and dedicated
his life to prayer.
• Organized monasteries and supplied them
with a set of written rules which governed
all aspects of ritual and daily life.
Functions of Monasteries
• Centers of literacy and learning.
• Refugees for widows and other vulnerable
women.
• Inns and orphanages.
• Managed their own estates of agricultural
land.
Monasteries
Control
• Difficult for Catholic church to exercise
oversight over monasteries.
• Reform development started by monastic
establishment in 11th century.
– Abbey of Cluny sought to improve the
administration and discipline of monasteries.
Three Legal Traditions
• Western Europe developed:
– Germanic feudal law
– Canon (church law)
– Roman law
• Presence of conflicting legal theories and
legal jurisdictions was a significant
characteristic of Western Europe.
Kievan Russia
900 – 1200
Geography
• Includes territory from the Black and
Caspian Seas in the south to the Baltic
and White Seas in the north.
• Territory includes series of ecological
zones running from east to west.
• Several navigable rivers.
Kievan
Russia
Map
Agriculture
• Poor agricultural land
• Short growing season
• Primitive farming technology
• Food production was low and trade was
necessary to feed the people
Early History
• Inhabited by a number of peoples of
different language and ethnic groups
whose territory shifted from century to
century.
• Emerged to a pattern of:
– Slavs in the east
– Finns in the north
– Turkic tribes in the south
Trade
• Forest dwellers, steppe nomads, and
farmers traded with each other.
• Long-distance caravan trade linked Russia
to the Silk Road.
• Varangians were active traders on the
rivers.
• Khazar Turks built a trading kingdom at
the mouth of the Volga River.
Rus
• Societies of western Slav farmers ruled by
Varangian nobles.
• Most important cities = Kiev and
Novogorod
– Both cities were centers of trade
Kiev and Novogorod
• Had populations of 30,000 to 50,000
– Much smaller than Constantinople or large
Muslim cities
• Kiev, Novogorod, and other urban areas
were centers for craftsmen and artists.
– Their social status was higher than peasants.
Vladimir I
• In 980, he became Grand Prince of Kiev.
• Chose Orthodox Christianity as the
religion of his state.
• Imitated the culture of the Byzantine
Empire:
– Built churches
– Adopted the Cyrillic alphabet
– Oriented his trade toward the Byzantines.
Spread of Christianity
• Spread very slowly in Kievan Russia.
• Pagan customs and polygamy persisted
until the 12th century.
• Christianity eventually took over and
became very powerful in the 12th century.
– Clergy even functioned as tax collectors for
the state.
Smart Start: Kiev, Russia
Who were prominent political rulers?
What were the two populous cities?
How was agriculture?
How did people in Kiev make money?
What nationalities of people settled in Kiev?
What was their religion in Kiev?
Decline
• Caused by:
– Internal political struggles
– Conflict with external foes
• Decline happened after 1100.
Western Europe Revives
1000 – 1200
Reviving Western Europe
• Population and agricultural production
increased in the period from 1000-1200.
– Caused resurgence of trade
– Enabled kings to strengthen control
• Revival because of
– New technologies
– Appearance of self-governing cities
New Technology
• Heavy moldboard plow
• Horse collar
• Breast-strap harness
Italy and Flanders
• These two cities were the beginning of the
emergence of independent, self-governing
cities.
– Relied on manufacturing and trade for income
– Had legal independence so laws could favor
manufacturing and trade
More cities emerge…
• Venice, Italy became a dominant sea
power
– Traded in Muslim ports for spices and other
goods
• Ghent, Belgium imported wool from
England and wove it into cloth for export
With trade came…
• Increase in use of high-value gold and
silver coins
– Rarely been used in early medieval Europe
• During the mid-twelfth century Europeans
began minting silver and gold coins.
The Crusades
1095-1204
THE CRUSADES
A Quest for the Holy Land
Crusades
• A long series or Wars
between Christians
and Muslims
• They fought over
control of Jerusalem
which was called the
Holy Land because it
was the region where
Jesus had lived,
preached and died
Causes of the Crusades
Muslim Turks
captured Jerusalem
from the Byzantine
Empire
Muslims stopped
Christians from
Visiting Holy Land
Christian pilgrims
were attacked
Byzantine Empire
feared attack on
Constantinople
The Call to Arms
• Pope Urban II
called for the
defeat of the
Turks, returning
the Holy Land to
the Christians
Who Answered the Call?
•Feudal Lords
•Knights
•Peasants
The First Crusade (1096-1099)
• Peasant army
– Untrained
– Lacked military
equipment
– Many killed by
Muslim Turks
• Knights
– Succeeded in
capturing Jerusalem
Second Crusade (1147-1149)
• After victory many Christians went back
home.
• The Turks eventually took back much of
the territory.
• King of France and Emperor of Germany
sent troops to stop the Turks.
Second Crusade (1147-1149)
• Saladin leads the
Muslim Turks to
victory, defeating
the Christians
• * He was considered a very
wise ruler. He was known for
his sometimes kind treatment
of fallen enemies. Many
Christians saw him as a model
of knightly chivalry.
Third Crusade (1189-1192)
• King Richard of
England convinces
the Turks to allow
Christians to visit
the Holy Land
Crusades Continue Through
1200’s
• Several more crusades attempted with no
victories for the Christians
• Children’s crusade, - 30,000 soldiers many of them under 12 years old – Never
made it to the Holy Land
Results of the Crusades
• I.F. Turks Traveled they would Trade
• I = Improvements – Ships, Maps, Explorers
• F = Feudalism declines because Feudal lords die or
spend too much money on military.
• T = Turks still rule the Holy Land
• T = Travel – Europeans want to travel more
• T = Trade – Europeans want product from the East
such as sugar, cotton, silk, spices, etc.
Reasons for Crusades
• Religious zeal
• Knights’ willingness to engage in churchsanctioned warfare
• Desire for land on part of younger sons of
European nobility
• Interest in trade
Assignment: Recruitment Poster
• Use your notes and the textbook to create a recruitment
poster. Your project should include:
•
•
•
•
A definition of the crusades.
A map of the crusades.
The four causes of the crusades.
Pope Urban’s call for defeat of the Turks to return the.
holy land top the Christians.
• Who answered or needs to answer the call.
• A description of all four crusades.
• The results of the crusades.