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12.3 United States Economic Imperialism Main Idea: Empire Building—The United States put increasing economic and political pressure on Latin America during the 19th century. What is imperialism? A policy of extending a country's power and economic influence through diplomacy or military force. American Influence Over time, American influence has spread across the entire globe. • Sometimes this is in big ways involving government and military. • Sometimes this is simply our culture being adopted in other parts of the world. Imperialism vs. Isolationism Before the late 1800s, the U.S. was primarily an ISOLATIONIST country. Isolationists focused on DOMESTIC issues and avoided getting entangled in world conflicts. The U.S. was reconstructing the South, increasing industry, and settling the west. Imperialism vs. Isolationism (Cont’d) Near the end of the 1800s, the U.S. looks more towards IMPERIALISM. Imperialist nations were attempting to expand their power overseas. IMPERIALISM – Economic and political domination over other weaker nations. Why does the U.S. Imperialize? To protect its own interests: Natural Resources Economics- New Markets National Security Competition with Europe Spread Democracy Economic Reasons Need for New Overseas Markets In Europe, countries looked for overseas markets to sell surplus goods. Many acquire colonies and PROTECTORATES (where an imperial power lets local rulers stay in power, but tells them what to do). As the west gets settled by the late 1800s, the U.S. begins to look for overseas markets to keep the economy strong. Social/Political Reasons ANGLO-SAXON SUPERIORITY In continuation of the theory of Social Darwinism, Americans believed that the strong would dominate the weak. Many Americans felt English speaking nations were SUPERIOR, and would dominate the world. The belief in American exceptionalism and the virtue of American democracy and Christianity added to calls for imperialism. For this reason, many wanted to expand overseas. Competition with Europe Rise of European Imperialism As European countries practiced imperialism in the Western Hemisphere, the U.S. became more involved with World affairs. Many Americans felt that if they did not compete for overseas interests with European nations, they would be left behind and not be a world power. National Security The Push for a Modern Navy In 1890, Alfred T. Mahan wrote The Influence of Sea Power Upon History. This book stated that world powers from the past had strong navies to trade and to protect itself. Mahan said that the U.S. needed one as well. He also claimed that if the U.S. had a strong navy, it needed overseas naval bases as well. Arguments for and Against Imperialism Pro-Imperialists Anti-Imperialists Many people supported the idea Many people opposed imperialism of imperialism citing evidence that: because they felt that: We need new markets to sell our dominate another people. We should continue the tradition of isolationism and avoid foreign entanglements. Imperialism would shift attention away from domestic problems. goods We need a stronger navy. We need to civilize and Christianize the rest of the world. We need to compete with Europe. It was inherently un-American to Who Wins? In the end the Imperialist ideas will prevail. Open Door Policy Because of political instability in China, European nations and Japan were able to gain control over China’s economy. As a result, Americans worried that Europe and Japan would divide China into colonies and shut out American traders. This led the U.S. to declare the Open Door Policy, which proposed that China’s ”doors” be open to merchants of all nations. European nations agreed to the policy. What is represented by this political cartoon? The Boxer Rebellion 1898-1901 • Chinese Nationalists started a movement to oppose foreign imperialism in their country. • An 8 nation alliance defeated the Boxers and the Imperial Army. • Latin America After Independence Political Instability A widespread problem in 19th century Latin America Leaders gain fame and power during the struggle for independence. After independence many became caudillos— military dictators or “strong men.” By mid-1800s nearly all Latin American nations were ruled by caudillos. Latin America After Independence Colonial Legacy Most Latin Americans worked for large land owners. Wages low, prices high Workers debt accumulated Rich got richer, poor poorer Economic development lagged because of these conditions. Economies Grow Under Foreign Influence Britain and the United States became Latin America’s main trading partners after their independence from Spain and Portugal. But foreign nations benefited far more from the increased trade than Latin America did. Latin Americans imported European and North American manufactured goods. Without industry Latin America could not play a leading role on the world economic stage. Outside Investment and Interference They often borrowed money at high interest rates to develop facilities for their export industries. Owed Britain, France, the United States, and Germany. Often unable to pay back their loans Foreign lenders threatened to collect the debt by force. threatened to take over the facilities they had funded. gained control of many Latin American industries. This began a new era of economic imperialism. A Latin American Empire The Monroe Doctrine 1823, President James Monroe issues the Monroe Doctrine which states “the American continents . . . are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers.” Cuba Declares Independence 1868—Cuba declares independence and fights a ten year war against Spain. 1878—Cuba gives up this war. 1895—Jose Marti helps Cuba to launch another war against Spain. By mid-1890’s, U.S. had substantial business holdings in Cuba. Jose Marti Causes of the Spanish-American War 1. Spanish violation of the Monroe Doctrine 2. Concern for American owned property. (sugar plantations, casinos, etc.) 3. Sympathy toward Cuba’s desire for independence and Spanish mistreatment of Cuban rebels. -Our goal is to liberate Cuba, not take over. -Teller Amendment 4. Yellow Journalism- American newspapers give overly dramatic accounts of atrocities in Cuba. -Explosion of the Maine Spanish-American War 1898—U.S. joins the Cuban war for independence by fighting the Spanish-American War. U.S. attacks the Philippine Islands first to take it from Spain. An attack is launched on Cuba. Teddy Roosevelt’s Rough Riders Win the War!! Roosevelt and his “Rough Riders” stormed San Juan Hill in Santiago, Cuba and won a decisive victory. This victory forced the Spanish surrender, gave Cuba its freedom from Spanish control. Roosevelt’s “Rough Riders” Theodore Roosevelt in his “Rough Rider” uniform (above), and with his regiment on top of San Juan Hill (left). Results of the Spanish-American War • United States’ defeat of Spain brought it to the forefront of international politics. • The United States gains new territories: Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and Guam. • Later, Cuba would become an independent country rather than a U.S. territory. • Roosevelt’s hero status because of his service helped get him elected Vice-President of the United States and later President. U.S. Becomes a Global Empire (Imperialism) Filipino soldiers outside Manila in 1899 Opposition to the Philippine War Mark Twain famously opposed the Philippine War by using his influence in the press. He said the war betrayed the ideals of American democracy by not allowing the Filipino people to choose their own destiny. In a diary passage removed by Twain's first biographical editor Thomas Bigelow Paine, Twain refers to American troops as “our uniformed assassins” and describes their killing of “six hundred helpless and weaponless savages.” Panama Canal • The United States needed a way to get from the Atlantic to the Pacific without going all the way around South America. • They struck a deal with Panama, to protect them and support their cause for Independence from Colombia. • In return the United States got exclusive rights to build and operate a shipping canal through Panama. The Panama Canal It was a 13,000 mile trip by sea around the continent of South America to reach the Pacific. The United States encouraged a rebellion in Panama. When Panama became independent from Columbia in 1903, the U.S. was able to begin work on the canal. Canal opens in 1914. Panama Canal American Foreign Policy under T.R. Big Stick Diplomacy- Theodore Roosevelt’s foreign policy of negotiations backed by the threat of force. Roosevelt said that America should speak softly and “carry a big stick.” This strong handed foreign policy eventually led to the American military and economic domination of the Western Hemisphere. The Roosevelt Corollary The Roosevelt Corollary gave the United States the right to be “an international police power” in the Western Hemisphere. The United States used the Roosevelt Corollary many times in the following years to justify U.S. intervention in Latin America. U.S. troops occupied some countries for decades.