Download final review guide

Social Studies 6
FINAL EXAM REVIEW
JUNE 2015
exam: Friday 17 June 2016, periods 6-7
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geography
prehistory
Mesopotamia
Egypt
Indus River Valley
Greece
Rome
Byzantine/Islam
Medieval Europe
Reviewing for your final exam will require a great deal of organization and review on your part,
whereas we will devote class time for the remaining (approximately) two weeks to summarizing the
outlines of what has been learned.
Remember: it took us a whole year to learn it all in the first place, so two weeks of review in class can,
at best, recap the “highlights” and help you organize your thoughts about what else you need to
review!
It will be your task, at home, primarily relying on your textbook and past notes/hw/tests/work, to
reread and refresh your knowledge on all the details!
We will spend roughly one class period on review of the main points of each of the above nine topics
that we have studied over the year. There will be a couple of review quizzes along the way, as well.
Good luck and study hard!!
GEOGRAPHY
A. five themes of geography (text pp. H6-H7)
a. location (where is the place? lat/long)
b. place (how is this place diff. from other places?)
c. human/environment interaction (how have people changed
this place?)
d. movement (kinda a sub-category of #3; how has the
movement of people affected a place?)
e. region (what is special about this region?)
summarizing the five themes of geography with the example
of NYC:
i. approximately 40 degrees N (latitude)
j. it is an island in the river
k. people have built lots of roads and tall buildings so it can
hold more people
l. Indian, Dutch, English “ownership”; lots of cultures
passing thru and leaving their mark
m. NE USA, on the ocean, hot/humid, cold/snowy, lots of
water…
HEMISPHERES
N/S (separated by the EQUATOR = 0 degrees latitude
E/W (separated by the PRIME MERIDIAN= 0 degrees longitude)
LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE
lines of latitude are parallel to each other
lines of longitude (meridians) are not parallel
PROBLEMS WITH FLAT MAPS
flat maps DISTORT the proportions of the ROUND globe
MERCATOR maps are common, and extremely inaccurate
EQUAL-AREA PROJECTION maps are a little better
ROBINSON PROJECTION maps are the best we can do
types of maps (what information they show)
political maps – show borders, towns, cities
physical map – tries to represent features of landforms
other: road, population density maps, climate maps,
compass rose – drawn on a map to show N S E W
N S E W are the main directions
there are also INTERMEDIATE directions: NE NW SE SW
key: shows you the meanings of the symbols used in the map
scale: tells you how to read the distance on the map
social studies 6
review quiz
geography
Circle the WESTERN HEMISPHERE.
Fill in North, South, East, West on this compass rose.
Label the prime meridian and the equator (approximately – it is ok if
you are a little bit off, as long as you get the idea right).
Which map below is the least accurate flat representation of the
world?
Which are parallel – lines of latitude or longitude? (circle one)
Which hemisphere did we study this year?
UNIT 1, CHAPTER 1 : “DIGGING UP THE PAST”
PRE-HISTORY – the time before people developed written language
ARCHAEOLOGY – study of past peoples based on the objects that
they left behind. Those objects are called ARTIFACTS.
ARTIFACTS- sword, weapons, tools, pots, jewelry, masks, clothes,
sculptures, pottery,
ICE AGE – huge sections of the earth were covered under ice
(glaciers). 16million yrs ago until 10,000 yrs ago
Clovis, New Mexico – they have found tools that they believe to be
11,000 years old.
BERINGIA – (modern “Bering Strait”)
was a LAND BRIDGE linking Asia (Russia) to N. America (Alaska)
animals and people could have traveled by foot from one continent
to the next. it is estimated that this happened 11,000 yrs ago. it
might have taken those people 1,000 yrs to make it to the Southern
USA (see map, text p. 15)
STONE AGE
when people relied mostly on tools made of stone
(also sometimes wood, or bone, or antlers)
OLD STONE AGE: ended about 10,000 yrs ago
tools made of pebbles, stones, axes
NEW STONE AGE: began about 10,000 yrs ago, ended about 5,000
yrs ago. there were great improvements in the stone technology.
better stoneworking skills. polished stone tools.
technology: the things that people design/build to make their lives
better/easier.
end of the OLD stone age and the beginning of the NEW stone age
happened at the end of the ICE AGE. ~10,000yrs ago.
this is also when people first started DOMESTICATING animals.
as opposed to just hunting wild animals.
also new at this time: people planted crops.
as opposed to just GATHERING wild plants.
PEOPLE IN THE OLD STONE AGE WERE MOSTLY huntergatherers.
the important change is the shift to AGRICULTURE.
RAISING YOUR OWN PLANTS AND ANIMALS FOR YOUR OWN
USE.
SUMMARIZE:
end of old stone age, end of ice age, beginning of new stone age,
better stone tools, agriculture.
as agriculture got better, we start seeing food SURPLUSes.
not everybody needs to be a full-time farmer. people can branch
out into different jobs. these SOCIAL DIVISIONS are a new way
of life for humanity.
the rise of agriculture yields two important changes:
1. staying in one place
2. social divisions
EARLY CAVE ART
a sign of developing CULTURE (what people do/think/believe/value,
how they lived with each other)
see text pages: 13, 25, 27, 28-29
LASCAUX AND CHAUVET (BOTH IN s. France)
17k yrs old
32k yrs old
unit 1, chapter 2, pp. 32- “EARLY CIVILIZATIONS”
THE Fertile Crescent / Mesopotamia
THE FERTILE CRESCENT (~3500 BC)
along the banks of two rivers: TIGRIS & EUPHRATES
from the Persian Gulf (in the East0 to the Mediterranean Sea in
the East (maps pp. 33 + 35)
the aRea between the two rivers is specifically MESOPOTAMIA
this covers the modern MIDDLE EAST
one of the world’s first CIVILIZATIONS
large, complex, organized society
climate: long + hot + dry most of the year
heavy rains and therefore flooding in the “winter” months
the rivers provided: water to drink, water for fertile soil, water for
growing crops, fish to eat, transportation
they developed IRRIGATION to provide water to the crops in the dry
season, and also to help control the floods (levees)
they built with mud bricks
they didn’t have trees or stones
they usu. had a food SURPLUS
S. allows for the diversification of society
CITY-STATES
1. could never have happened without the food surplus
2. Mesopotamia was a civilization of lots of independent city-states
3. city where many people were doing many different things
a. leaders, soldier, priest, artisan, merchant, scribe, etc…
4. Sumer, Akkad, Uruk, Babylon
5. mud-brick houses, wall all around the city, ziggurat in the
middle
6. government: each c-s is protected by a god; the god chooses the
king
7. social class: king, business people, landownders, govt workers,
artisans/farmers, slaves
POLYTHEISTIC CIVILIZATION: belief in many gods
writing: clay tablets, stylus=triangle-tipped wedge: CUNEIFORM
CUNEIFORM is one of the 1st written languages
writing is useful for: business records, and also for the development
of CULTURE (~2400BC)
~2300BC, King Sargon (of Akkad)
he conquered and took control of ALL Mesopotamian c-s. this is the
world’s first EMPIRE.
HAMMURABI becomes King of Babylon in 1792 BC
he also ended up controlling ALL Mesopotamian c-s
his empire = BABYLONIA
Code of Hammurabi
“eye for an eye”
system of laws and punishments for crimes
the MOST COMPLETE such system that we know of from the
ancient world
his purpose: “to make justice shine in the land, to destroy the evil
and wicked, so the strong don’t oppress the weak”
BABYLON
H. was king of B. in 1792 BC
605BC: Nebuchadnezzar II becomes King
he did massive building projects to make Babylon great again
greatness in math and astronomy
539BC: Persians conquered and took over Babylon
Judaism
founded by Abraham according to what God told him
monotheistic
10 Commandments: 10 rules as guidance on how to worship God
God gave those commandments to MOSES
we know about the ancient development of Judaism from the Torah
Phoenicians
well-known traders in the Mediterranean
their trade was esp. imp’t. b/c it linked various ancient societies
along the Mediterranean Sea
ss6
Mesopotamia review quiz
1.Egypt and Mesopotamia have what in common?
a. They were both polytheistic.
b. They both were complex societies with rigid social classes.
c. They both depended on rivers.
d. All of the above
2.What is the meaning of “monotheistic”?
a. belief in two gods
b. belief in one god
c. belief in many gods
d. belief in no gods
3.What is the Code of Hammurabi?
a. a quite complete set of laws and punishments
b. a set of rules sent down by God
c. a record of the entire population of Mesopotamia
d. a tax-collection system
4.Which of the following is not a Mesopotamian city-state?
a. Sumer
b. Akkad
c. Babylon
d. Cairo
5.Which statement describes how Mesopotamian city-states were designed?
a. straw huts loosely scattered around the countryside
b. mud-brick houses around a central temple, within city walls
c. lots of small cottages right along the river banks
d. tall apartment buildings on heavily traveled roads
6.What is cuneiform?
a. Mesopotamian writing
b. Mesopotamian laws
c. the highest Mesopotamian social class
d. the sun god
7.What is a city-state?
a. a small village with a manor
b. an independent city, like its own little kingdom
c. a state made of lots of small cities
d. a huge city from ancient times
8.A ziggurat is:
a. a Mesopotamian temple
b. a stepped, pyramid-like building where Mesopotamian gods “lived”
c. an important element of Mesopotamian architecture and civilization
d. all of the above
9.The Tigris and Euphrates Rivers are important because they :
a. gave life but also led to severe flooding that could be deadly if not controlled
b. provided fresh water, a means of transportation, and fertile soil for farming
c. gave ancient peoples a place to build pleasant cafes
d. both a and b
10.How did ancient peoples control river water to make it work for them?
a. irrigation
b. worshipping God
c. travel
d. building big cities
EGYPT
unit 2, chapter 3: “Ancient Egypt and Nubia”
Fill in this chapter outline with important facts, details, and
descriptions!
lesson one, pages 78-81
The Nile River:
length
location
delta
how much usable land
why important
uses
cataracts
CLIMATE of the Nile River Valley:
FLOODING
PAPYRUS
POLYTHEISM
CALENDAR
lesson two, pages 84-91: “Life in Egypt”
unification of the two Egypts into one:
What was Egypt’s capital city?
Who is King Menes?
What is a PHARAOH?
What are HIEROGLYPHICS?
What is the ROSETTA STONE and why is it important to us?
Why were PYRAMIDS built?
What did Kings do with their possessions when they died? Why?
Why and how did they make MUMMIES?
What were farmers required to do if they couldn’t work in the fields due to
flooding?
What social classes and jobs existed in ancient Egypt? What is the benefit of a
triangle/pyramid for describing Egyptian social classes?
Did the Egyptians get involved in trade with foreign cultures?
Who are:
Hatshepsut?
Amenhotep?
Nefertiti?
Aton?
Akhenaten?
Tutankhamen?
Amon-Ra?
nb: We did not study lesson three (Nubia) of this chapter!
INDUS RIVER VALLEY
ancient INDIA
society based on a RIVER (just like Mesopotamia and Egypt)
Mohenjo-Daro: a huge ancient city
Hinduism: the main religion of India
Caste: social class system of India; VERY strict
Brahmins: the highest caste, mostly priests and teachers
Sanskrit: ancient written language
GREECE
polytheistic
vibrant artistic culture: plays, literature, art
legal system (government)
REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY: citizens vote for representatives in
government
Alexander the Great
he conquered an empire on all three Mediterranean continents
Athens and Sparta
S. is war-like
A. is more about government and peace
they fought all the time
Golden Age of Athens
period where A got big, strong, and all-around awesome
A leadership got greedy, they started bullying other cities, which
brought about their downfall
mercenary: a soldier-for-hire
helot: in Sparta, someone slightly higher than a slave
agora: a large outdoor marketplace, the center of social life
immortal: cannot die; Greek Gods are immortal
democracy: type of gov’t. where citizens vote for their representatives
representative: leaders who are chosen by the citizens
citizen: a resident with certain legal privileges
Athens
Sparta
Golden Age of Athens
Mediterranean: Greece is on and IN the Med. Sea
ROME
peninsula: Rome is on a peninsula sticking into the Med. Sea
Tiber: the river that Rome sits on
Mediterranean: the sea that Rome is next to
Pax Romana: a 200 year period of peace and prosperity
Senator: Roman government leaders
Republic: a form of government that was in Rome
Empire: Roman Empire; a vast “kingdom” covering many different
lands/cultures
Eastern and Western Roman Empires: Eastern Roman Empire’s capital is
Constantinople
decline///corruption
religion: polytheistic
patrician: rich noble
plebeian: regular folks
dictator: a ruler who has total control
connection to Greece: Roman society is largely based on what they found in
Greece
connection to Byzantine Empire: the BE is the continuation of the Roman
Empire;
Emperor Constantine///Constantinople///Christianity
BYZANTINE / ISLAM
Emperor Justinian (crowned in 527)
his goal was to restore the Roman Empire and govern it as one
-he came close to that goal
Justinian Code – he collected, organized, and updated Roman Empire
laws into a useful, fair legal and governmental system
Hagia Sophia – cathedral that he restored
Theodora (his wife)
Constantinople
geographic location –
strait
Black Sea
Sea of Marmara
Mediterranean Sea
why is it important? (empire + major city)
why is it important? (religion)
why is it important? (trade)
Hagia Sophia
split of the Christian church
Mohamed
Qu’ran
pillars of Islam
profession of faith (“There is no God but Allah and Mohamed is his prophet.”)
five daily prayers
charity to the poor
fasting during Ramadan
pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj)
Golden Age of Islam – math, science, banking, medicine, astronomy, etc.
Ibn Battuta – great Muslim traveler/writer/scholar
MEDIEVAL EUROPE
Feudalism
Manor system
Black Death
Magna Carta
Domesday Book
Crusades, Holy Land, Jerusalem
Economy
social classes: serfs, knights, lords, monarchs (pyramid chart)
Pope Urban II
King John
guilds
geography: Ural Mountains, Volga River
Church (importance, dominance)
towns (as opposed to manor villages)
crop surplus