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Samenvatting Geschiedenis The Renaissance (english version)
The Renaissance
Chapter 1 What was the Renaissance?
Re-naissance = Rebirth
Going back to the culture and ideas of the classical civilisations: Greek +Romans
Between 1300 1400 Medieval time֯àbegan to change.
Change started in Italy and spread.
New age is called Renaissance
It lasted from 1400 to 1700.
Renaissance brought new style of art, architecture, music + learning
Why is this new age called the Renaissance?
The new age started when The Italians started to look in achievements of Greeks and
Romans.
Admired their buildings tried to copy them.
It was like the Greeks +Romans came back to life.
Renaissance was
1.
New interest in Greeks an Romans.
2.
The way people began to think about them.
Differences between the Middle Ages an the Renaissance
Medieval
Renaissance
Only priests monks and nuns could read + write.
Studied Bibles
Many other people learned how to read + write.
Studied writings of Greeks and Romans.
Life on earth was less than life in heaven.
Greek an Romans werent
Christian they thought life on world was important so people in the Renaissance took
this over.
Accepted the teachings of the Church didnҒt question them.
Thought the human
being could do everything and questioned the church and wanted to find things out by
themselves.
Why did the Renaissance begin in Italy?
1.
Italy was the centre of the Romans
Every town Roman ruins.
This reminded the people of the Romans and made curiosity.
So these people wanted to learn the Roman culture.
The language of Italy was based on Latin so that made it easy for them to read the
Roman books.
2.
The fall of Constantinople brought Greek scholars to Italy
In 1453 the Turks conquered Greek and the Greek scholars escaped to Italy.(the
scholars brought manuscripts with them)
3.
Italian merchants were rich
As a result, they had money to spend on beautiful buildings, pictures and statues.
4.
Italian merchants found new ideas on their travels
Their trade brought them in contact with Chinese and Arabs who had a more advanced
civilisation.
These ideas brought the Italians to their land.
5.
Italy had many cities
Italy had no King it was divided in cities an each city had a ruler.
Rome ruled by the pope.
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Florence was ruled by the wealthy banking family the Medicis.
Milan was ruled by the military family Sforza.
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In Venice The 500 richest people elected a council to run the city.
6.
Competition between Italian cities
Each city wanted to be the most beautiful city so they spent a lot of money on that.
City Governments hired the best architectures to design the best buildings.
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Rich merchants spent their own money on their houses to beautify their
city. They also competed each other to get the best architect.
This all meant that there was enough work for painters, sculptors and architects.
Patrons
The city governments and rich merchants patrons.
Patron person who pays an artist to produce art for him.
During Renaissance Works of art were status symbols.
The renaissance begins in Florence
In 1400 Florence richest city of Italy.
Got money from wool + banking.
Rich merchants traveled around Europe to buy high quality wool. They
brought it back to Florence and where local people wove it in fine linen cloth. Then they
dyed it in beautiful colours and sold it to kings.
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To help trade they became bankers. It was dangerous to carry gold or
silver so they invented cheques. They lent money to popes and kings this helped to
make money.
Florence was a republic. The people loved their city and made a lot of
buildings filled with paintings and statues.
Cosimo de Medici: a Renaissance patron
The richest bankers were the Florence Medicis.
Cosimo de Medici was the head of the family.
He was a clever business man who spent his money to elect his friends.
This made him the real ruler of Florence.
Cosimo admired the Greek and Roman writings.
He sent agents to search for old forgotten manuscripts.
If they were found they were copied and brought back to Florence for his library he had
builtկàlargest and first public library of Europe.
He also set up a academy (the Platonic Academy) for scholars to study manuscripts.
Cosimo was also a patron he helped artists and inventors.
He invited them to stay in his home and paid them to make things for him and to make
public buildings.
Cosimo ruled 30 years he made alliances to keep peace to allow trade and Florence
became under his rule the cultural capital of Europe.
Lorenzo the magnificent
When Cosimo died his grandson ruled the city.
Lorenzo was 20 years old and He was called Lorenzo the Magnificent.
He was a great sports man and a famous patron and he wrote poetry.
He supported artists like Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci.
He continued to collect manuscripts.
Other patrons
When Lorenzo died the king of France invaded Italy.
This started a war.
Florence was involved and in wealth reduced.
After that the popes became the main patrons.
Two popes who were patrons were Julius II and Leo X they employed to built churches
and beautify them with pictures and statues.
Chapter 2 Painting in the Renaissance
Comparing medieval and Renaissance paintings
Medieval paintings
Renaissance paintings
not realistic much more realistic
people havent got the right size this is because the most important person was the
biggest and the others were smaller
In the renaissance the people have a normal
size.
strange colours
normal colours
Making pictures more lifelike
Renaissance painters had a few tricks to make paintings more lifelike.
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Showing perspective: Things further away look smaller have to be
smaller.
Studying the body: Some artists studied anatomy. They cut up dead
bodies and find out how bones and muscles worked this made the paintings more
accurate.
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Studying nature: They looked closely at trees and other nature they paint
as it was.
Sfumato: skin has many shades. Artist use the technique sfumato to paint
this. This make the pictures more lifelike.
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Painting is oils: Early in the Renaissance they painted with egg
white dries quickly. Then they discovered oil paint these dried more slowly so you can
show things more accurate.
Frescos
Frescos is painting directly on a wall.
The people in the renaissance took aver this idea from the Romans.
They used on churches and houses.
Painting on canvas
Renaissance artists also painted small pictures.
They painted it on canvas This was easier to paint on then on wood.
Painting portraits
In the Renaissance rich men hired painters to make portraits.
Sometimes they got portraits of their wives as well.
Many women died by child birth so these portraits were often made when the mother
expected a child.
The Mona Lisa is a portrait.
Chapter 3 Sculpture and Architecture in the Renaissance
Sculptors artist who use stone, metal or wood.
In the middle ages they worked in great Gothic churches.
They carved statues of saints that formed part of the doors and columns.
Often the carved figure was distorted.
Medieval sculptors were not trying to show people as they really were.
Copying Greed and Roman statues
Renaissance people dug up old Roman and Greek statues.
These statues werent part of buildings.
They stood alone and were skilfully carved and how the human really was.
Renaissance sculptors admired these statues and wanted to copy them.
When they made a statue they wanted to show the muscles and bones.
To do this they cut up dead bodies.
Donatello
Donatello was one of the first sculptors who did this.
He lived in Florence and people who saw his bronze statue of David thought he was the
best sculpture since Roman times.
Case study of a Sculptor
Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564)
Michelangeloүàgreatest sculptor of Renaissance.
He was born near Florence.
When he was 13 his father apprenticed him to a sculptor.
Soon afterwards Michelangelo mad a copy of a old Roman statue.
Lorenzo de Medici saw it and was amazed.
He invited Michelangelo to join his school.
Michelangelos PietҠ
After Lorenzos death Michelangelo went to Rome.
There a cardinal paid him to make the statue PietҠ sorrow
It shows Maria holding Jesus after his death.
The Piet is made of white marble.
Everyone praised the beauty of the Piet but nobody knew who made it.
When Michelangelo heard this he sneaked that night into the St. Peter in Rome and
signed it࠯àonly statue he ever signed.
Michelangelos David
At that time there was war between Florence and France.
France was more powerfulүàFlorentines won.
To celebrate this Florence asked Michelangelo to make a statue for them.
Florences victory remembered Michelangelo of a story of David defeating the giant
Goliath.
He found a block of white marble and carved the huge statue of David.
ItҒs 5 metres high and it took forty men to carry it.
Because its so big itҒs very realistic.
Every muscle and vein is shown.
The Florence thought it was the finest statue ever made.
Today a copy is still in the middle of Florence the real one is in a museum.
Michelangelo and pope Julius II
In 1505 Pope Julius II asked Michelangelo to make statues for his tomb.
Michelangelo started enthusiastically but the pope ran out of money.
Then he ordered Michelangelo to paint frescos.
In them he told the story of the bible.
He started wit God creatin everything and ended by Moses and the flood.
Michelangelo was so involved that he forgot to eat and sleep.
He dismissed assistant and only an old servant of Pope Julius were allowed to watch
him.
When Michelangelo was finished the whole ceiling was covered with 300 figures.
The figures are life-size and beautiful coloured.
Its one of the greatest master pieces off all time.
Later when Michelangelo was old he painted a huge fresco called The last Judgement
on one of the walls of the Sistine Chapel.
Michelangelo, poet and architect
Michelangelo also good poet.
His poems are some of the best ever written in Italian.
He was also a fine architect.
Pope Julius had begun to build a new St PeterҒs Basilica in 1506, but forty years later it
wasnt finished.
Michelangelo was put in charge.
He designed a new dome for it and finished the whole building.
Michelangelo died in 1564.
He was almost 90.
He never married and said his statues and paintings were his children.
Architecture in the Renaissance
Rejecting Gothic architecture
Rich Italians wanted to make their city more beautiful one way was to build a new
church.
But they didnҒt want to make the same Gothic churches as in the north of Europe.
These Gothic churches had 3 elements:
Spires
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Pointed arches
Flying buttresses
Copying Roman buildings
The Renaissance people wanted to build churches like the Romans they admired.
The most famous was the Pantheon in Rome.
These churches had:
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domes
round arches
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columns
These features became characteristic of the Renaissance style of building.
Fillipo Brunelleschi (1377-1446)
Brunelleschi first famous architect Renaissance.
He grew up in Florence and trained to be a gold smith.
Years earlier the Florentines decided to built a new cathedral.
They wanted it to have a dome like in Roman times.
But they werent sure how to built one.
For many years the church was half-built, with a hole in the centre.
Brunelleschi went to Rome and studied the old Romans, especially the pantheon.
From it he worked out how to make a dome.
When he went home he persuaded the Florentines to let him finish their cathedral.
It took 16 years to completeүàit was a great success.
After Brunelleschi designed many more churches his style became the typical
architecture of the Renaissance.
Andrea Palladio (1508-1580)
Palladio designed 150 houses for wealthy Italians as well as many churches.
This style he called Palladian became fashionable across Europe.
Wealthy men built their houses in his style.
Chapter 4 The Invention of Printing
When all books were manuscripts
manuscript handwritten book.
This made books expensive because it was slow to copy.
The Chinese invent printing
The Chinese carved pictures in wood or metal and pressed it on paper.
But Chinese havent got letters.
They got over 2000 picturesүànot practical to print.
Johannes Gutenberg invents movable type
Man who produced 1st printed book Johannes Gutenberg.
He was goldsmith he used this skill to carve letters.
This invention is called movable type.
He built a wooden frame to put the letters in when printing.
When he had the letters on the right places and had put some ink on it he put a sheet on
it.
Gutenbergs bible
First printed book of Gutenbergүàthe bible.
He hadnt enough money so he lent.
Bible had 1300 pages.
It took along time and after 4 years Fust wanted his money back and went to the court to
get help from the king.
As debt Gutenberg had to give him the printing press and it was Fust who published it.
The spread of printing
In 1476 William Caxton set up a business he printed over 100 books.
In 1500 There were over 1000 printers in Europe.
How printing changed the world
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Books became cheaper.
Books more common because more people learned to read and write.
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New ideas spread faster.
It became harder for king and popes to stop ideas they didnՒt like.
New kind of literature because not everyone could speak Latin.
Chapter 5 New ideas in Literature, Music and science during the Renaissance.
How literature changed during the Renaissance
Because the renaissance scholars were trying to imitate the Greeks and Romans they
found new ideas of writing.
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Most scholars wrote in Latin. But the people couldnt read or speak Latin.
These people wanted to have books in vernacular languagesүà French, English, German
etc.
Writers wrote more about daily problems then about religion.
Francesco Petrarch (1304 - 1374)
One of the 1st renaissance writers he lived in Flornece.
Collected over 200 manuscripts.
He wrote in Latin but also wrote books in Italian.
His most famous book was Canzoniere.
It contains poems to a girl he only had seen once.
It were sonnets կàtype of poem with 14 lines.
William Shakespeare (1564 - 1616)
One the greatest vernacular writers.
He was born in Stratford-on-Avon in England.
On his 18th he married Anne Hathaway.
First he became actor.
There were several theatres because the queen like drama.
There were only men who played as actor.
Renaissance music
Music had been popular through the history.
People who couldnt write could play music.
Music was studied at the university.
New instruments and forms of music.
Old instruments were improved and new ones invented.
Choirs with male and female began to sing.
Composers also began to write music for only instruments called orchestras.
New composers wanted to show human feelings in music.
One composer was Claudio Monteverdi.
Before music was only background but he tried to link words with music.
This produced opera.
Now singers had to be skilful because they had to express feelings while hitting the
notes.
Medicine
The weakness of medieval medicine
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based their ideas on that from the Greek doctor Galen. Galen never
dissected bodies so many theories were wrong.
in 1300 the pope banned cutting up corpses.
Two Renaissance doctors: Vesalius and Harvey
In the renaissance doctors wanted to figure things out by themselves.
They began to dissect bodies.
Andreas Vesalius began to dissect bodies.
When he was 23 years old he became prof. at Padua University in Italy.
To do his work he even stole dead bodies.
Harvey also dissected bodies and showed that the blood circulated.
These two doctors began the development of modern medicine.
Science
Does the earth stand still?
In the middle ages people believed the earth was the centre of the universe.
The sun, moon and stars moved around it.
The Christian church supported this theory.
It seems to fit because every day the sun was rising in the east and falling in the west.
Because the view was held by the church it was dangerous to have other ideas about
this.
Nicholas Copernicus Ֆ the father of modern astronomy
He was born in Poland 1473.
He was a priest but also studied, math, medicine and astronomy.
He watched the stars and made notes of views.
Using mathematical calculations he made a new theory.
He made a book about this.
Concerning the revolutions of the heavenly Spheres.
But he didn֒t published it because he was afraid for the church.
Galileo Galilei (1564 1642)
Born in Pisa 1564.
Studied math and physics.
He Showed that objects of different weight fall at the same speed law of falling bodies.
Galileos telescope
In 1592 he moved to Padua.
He learned about the new invention of the telescope he made one and saw things
nobody saw before.
He saw the spots on the sun, rings round Saturn, He saw the four moons of Jupiter and
he realised the earth couldnҒt be the middle but the sun was.
He published the book the dialogue.
the pope summoned him to Rome and Galileo was found guilty.
He was old and agreed to give up his ideas.
But theres he legend that he had said afterwards ғand yet it moves.
He was sent to Florence and he died in 1642.
Galileo vindicated
GalileoԒs views spread quickly.
Others also used telescopes and looked at the skies and they proved very soon he was
right.
In 1990s the pope finally admitted Galileo was right.
Chapter 7 How did the renaissance change our lives?
Why were there so few famous women in the renaissance?
There were only men who were famous if you look back in the chapter.
few reasons.
People believed in those times women only did housework. so men got
better education. Women were forbidden on the university. A study parts of England
between 1580 and 1640 95 per cent of women could not sign their names.
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In middle ages artists learned skills by working by their familys workshop.
So the women could pick these things up. In the renaissance the skills became
professional so the men had to go to school. This made it harder for a women to train
this skill. In the Renaissance they forbade women to attend lectures and
demonstrations in anatomy and new medical learning. By the late 1600s even midwives
who helped women by childbirth were mainly men.