Download Bubble Nebulae Around Ultra-luminous X

Bubble Nebulae Around Ultra-luminous X-ray Sources and the case study of
IC 342 X-1
Ultraluminous X-ray (ULX) sources are variable off-nuclear X-ray sources
in external galaxies with luminosities greatly exceeding the Eddington
luminosity of a stellar-mass compact object, assuming isotropic emission. The
irregular variability, observed on time scales from seconds to years, suggests
that ULXs are binary systems containing a compact object that is either a stellarmass black hole with beamed or super-Eddington emission or an intermediate
mass black hole (IMBH). IMBHs have been invoked in contexts ranging from the
remnants of Population III stars to the formation of supermassive black holes.
Only a handful of radio detections of ULXs have been made so far. These
sources all show large nebulae (>50 pc) that are likely powered by continuous
energy input from the ULX, in the same manner as the W50 nebula is powered by
the Galactic binary SS433. However, the ULX radio nebulae require three oders
higher total energy content than the W50 nebula.
Here, we report the results of new radio observations of the ULX IC 342
X-1. We discovered radio emission associated with a nebula surrounding the
ULX. In addition, we found, for the first time, a compact radio core that could be
associated with compact jets from the ULX itself. IC 342 X-1 is one of the ULXs
that could be consistent with a black hole in the X-ray hard state. In that case,
using the fundamental plan, we infer a black hole mass of ~5000 M_sun,
suggesting the presence of an intermediate mass black in IC 342 X-1. We will
then compare the nebula properties of IC342 X-2, SS433, S26 and powerful FR I,
FR II radio galaxies, in order to shed light on their accretion properties.