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Transcript
Bubble Nebulae Around Ultra-luminous X-ray Sources and the case study of IC 342 X-1 Ultraluminous X-ray (ULX) sources are variable off-nuclear X-ray sources in external galaxies with luminosities greatly exceeding the Eddington luminosity of a stellar-mass compact object, assuming isotropic emission. The irregular variability, observed on time scales from seconds to years, suggests that ULXs are binary systems containing a compact object that is either a stellarmass black hole with beamed or super-Eddington emission or an intermediate mass black hole (IMBH). IMBHs have been invoked in contexts ranging from the remnants of Population III stars to the formation of supermassive black holes. Only a handful of radio detections of ULXs have been made so far. These sources all show large nebulae (>50 pc) that are likely powered by continuous energy input from the ULX, in the same manner as the W50 nebula is powered by the Galactic binary SS433. However, the ULX radio nebulae require three oders higher total energy content than the W50 nebula. Here, we report the results of new radio observations of the ULX IC 342 X-1. We discovered radio emission associated with a nebula surrounding the ULX. In addition, we found, for the first time, a compact radio core that could be associated with compact jets from the ULX itself. IC 342 X-1 is one of the ULXs that could be consistent with a black hole in the X-ray hard state. In that case, using the fundamental plan, we infer a black hole mass of ~5000 M_sun, suggesting the presence of an intermediate mass black in IC 342 X-1. We will then compare the nebula properties of IC342 X-2, SS433, S26 and powerful FR I, FR II radio galaxies, in order to shed light on their accretion properties.