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Chapter 4 and 5.2 (Soils) Review Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. ____ 1. Renewable resources ____. a. can be replenished over months, years, or decades b. are all living resources c. have finite supplies that will one day be used up d. include iron, natural gas, and copper ____ 2. Which of the following is an example of a nonrenewable resource? a. cotton c. cattle b. trees d. uranium ____ 3. In which layer will liquid petroleum be found in the oil trap shown in Figure 4-1? a. layer F c. layer D b. layer C d. layer E ____ 4. Which layer in Figure 4-1 forms the cap rock for the oil trap? a. layer G c. layer D b. layer C d. layer F ____ 5. Which well could produce oil and natural gas? a. Well A c. both Well A and Well B b. Well B d. neither Well A nor Well B ____ 6. Which of the following energy resources might replace dwindling petroleum supplies one day? a. coal and natural gas c. oil shale and tar sands b. tar sands and uranium d. wind and coal ____ 7. Which of the following alternative energy sources is NOT inexhaustible? a. tidal energy c. geothermal energy b. solar energy d. wind energy ____ 8. Which of the following is a drawback to the use of oil shale to produce energy? a. Most of the world’s oil shale occurs in politically unstable countries. b. Processing, mining, and waste disposal are expensive. c. Oil shale occurs only in areas with plentiful water resources for processing. d. Oil shale can be mined only in arid regions. ____ 9. Most metallic ores are produced by which two types of processes? a. cementation and compaction b. igneous and metamorphic c. igneous and sedimentary d. metamorphic and sedimentary ____ 10. What are nonmetallic resources commonly used for? a. manufacturing steel b. producing energy c. the nonmetallic elements they contain or their physical and chemical properties d. the metallic elements they contain or their physical and chemical properties ____ 11. Which of the following nonmetallic mineral resources is used both as a building material and as an industrial mineral? a. sulfur c. graphite b. limestone d. corundum ____ 12. The advantages of solar energy include the fact that it is ____. a. nonrenewable c. expensive b. non-polluting d. absent at night ____ 13. What is one of the drawbacks to the extensive use of solar energy? a. It is nonrenewable. b. Necessary equipment and installation are expensive. c. It is available only at night. d. It produces toxic pollution. ____ 14. The fuel for nuclear fission in nuclear reactors is ____. a. petroleum c. hydrogen b. carbon d. uranium ____ 15. Which of the following is a problem associated with the increased use of nuclear energy? a. cost of building safe nuclear facilities b. major hazards involved in nuclear waste disposal c. concern over the possibility of a serious nuclear accident d. all of the above ____ 16. How does nuclear fission produce energy? a. Moving water turns turbines to produce electricity. b. Controlled nuclear chain reaction produces heat, driving steam turbines to produce energy. c. Uncontrolled nuclear reaction produces heat, driving steam turbines to produce energy. d. Carbon atoms are bombarded by neutrons. ____ 17. Wind power generates ____. a. noise pollution c. water pollution b. air pollution d. soil pollution ____ 18. One problem with wind energy as a major source of electricity is ____. a. it is nonrenewable b. it causes major air pollution c. it does not work during the night d. the expense of large tracts of land in populated areas ____ 19. Hydroelectric power is produced by ____. a. falling water that turns a turbine b. tides that pour through a dam barrier c. hot water that comes from deep underground d. electric current that flows across a dam ____ 20. What is the source of geothermal energy? a. sunlight heating surface waters b. the splitting of atoms to release energy c. natural underground reservoirs of steam and hot water d. very hot minerals deep underground ____ 21. How is tidal power harnessed? a. by building a dam across a swiftly flowing river b. by bombarding uranium nuclei with neutrons c. by building a dam across the mouth of a bay or an estuary in a coastal area d. by tapping into underground steam reservoirs ____ 22. Fresh water is used for which of the following? a. drinking c. cooking b. growing food d. all of the above ____ 23. Which of the following is an example of a nonpoint source of fresh water pollution? a. pesticide runoff from farm fields c. sewage treatment plant b. leaking toxic waste landfill d. factory waste piped into a stream ____ 24. What amount of Earth’s total water supply is usable fresh water? a. 25% c. 50% b. less than 1% d. 75% ____ 25. What is the function of the atmosphere’s ozone layer? a. shields Earth from harmful solar radiation b. provides the oxygen needed by human life c. protects Earth from the sun’s heat d. removes pollution from the atmosphere ____ 26. Which of the following is NOT a land resource? a. soil c. iron b. forests d. wind ____ 27. Which of the following products do petroleum resources provide in addition to energy? a. aggregate c. nickel b. plastic d. cardboard ____ 28. One way that mining for mineral resources damages the land is by ____. a. adding greenhouse gases to the environment b. depleting the world’s ozone c. causing salinization d. increasing soil erosion ____ 29. The Clean Water Act ____. a. required pollution control devices on cars and power plants b. established National Ambient Air Quality Standards c. set maximum contaminant levels for pollutants in drinking water d. required industries to reduce or eliminate point source pollution in surface waters ____ 30. Cars with hybrid and electric motors ____. a. use more fuel than conventional cars b. create less air pollution than conventional cars c. use solar panels for power d. are no longer produced ____ 31. What is the most important law passed to deal with air pollution? a. Clean Water Act b. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act c. Clean Air Act d. Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act ____ 32. Compost helps preserve the health of soil because it ____. a. is a natural fertilizer b. contains pesticides that kill insects c. breaks rock down into additional soil d. adds artificial fertilizers that help plants grow ____ 33. The factor that has the greatest effect on soil formation is ____. a. climate c. time b. parent material d. slope orientation ____ 34. A soil’s texture is determined by ____. a. mineral composition b. type of humus c. water content d. particle size ____ 35. The main source of organic matter in soil is ____. a. water c. fungi b. plants d. bacteria ____ 36. In which of the following areas will soil formation be greatest? a. a steep slope in a warm, wet climate b. a flat area in a cold, wet climate c. a flat area in a warm, wet climate d. a north-facing area on a steep slope ____ 37. Use Figure 5-1 to determine what a soil is called if it has 20 percent clay, 60 percent silt, and 20 percent sand. a. sandy clay loam c. silty loam b. loam d. loamy sand ____ 38. What are the proportions of clay, silt, and sand shown at point C in Figure 5-1? a. clay: 10 percent; silt: 80 percent; sand: 10 percent b. clay: 10 percent; silt: 20 percent; sand: 70 percent c. clay: 20 percent; silt: 60 percent; sand: 20 percent d. clay: 30 percent; silt: 40 percent; sand: 30 percent ____ 39. In a well-developed soil profile, which horizon is the uppermost layer? a. the C horizon c. the A horizon b. the B horizon d. the parent horizon ____ 40. In Figure 5-2, what is the layer labeled X? a. the A horizon b. the B horizon c. the C horizon d. the parent horizon ____ 41. In Figure 5-2, what is the layer labeled Y composed of? a. humus c. unweathered parent material b. topsoil d. subsoil ____ 42. In Figure 5-2, what layer makes up the B horizon? a. layer X c. layer W b. layer Y d. layer Z ____ 43. The B horizon is also called the ____. a. topsoil b. unaltered parent material c. partially altered parent material d. subsoil ____ 44. A soil that is characteristic of the humid eastern United States is ____. a. laterite c. pedocal b. pedalfer d. humus ____ 45. A soil associated with the hot and wet tropics is ____. a. laterite c. pedalfer b. pedocal d. bedrock soil ____ 46. Laterite soils contain high amounts of ____. a. organic material b. iron oxide c. calcite d. calcium carbonate ____ 47. Compared to the past, rates of soil erosion are ____. a. about the same c. slower b. faster d. more unpredictable ____ 48. Which of the following human activities has caused an increase in soil erosion? a. clear-cut logging c. plowing land for farming b. clearing land for construction d. all of the above ____ 49. The rate of soil erosion depends on ____. a. climate b. slope steepness c. the type of vegetation d. all of the above ____ 50. Since humans have appeared, the amount of sediments carried by rivers has ____. a. increased dramatically c. stayed about the same b. increased slightly d. decreased by about half Essay (Choose one of the three to answer) 5 points. 51. Describe how fission produces electricity at nuclear power plants. 52. How could energy conservation help to control or decrease air, water, and land pollution? 53. Name the factor that has the greatest effect on soil formation, and explain how this factor affects soil formation.
