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CHAPTER 4
Sex-Related Comparisons: Observations
KEY TERMS
Confirmatory hypothesis testing
Deontology
Effect size
Empathy
Empathic accuracy
Erotic plasticity
File-drawer problem
Gender intensification
Meta-analysis
Meta-synthesis
Moderating variable
Morality of responsibility (care orientation)
Morality of rights (justice orientation)
Narrative review
Social dilemma
Utilitarianism
Confirmatory hypothesis testing—Process of noticing information that confirms stereotypes
and disregarding information that disconfirms stereotypes.
© 2017 Taylor & Francis
Deontology—A morality that is based on upholding moral norms.
Effect size—Size of a difference that has been found in a study.
Empathy—Ability to experience the same emotion as another person or feel sympathy or
compassion for another person.
Empathic accuracy—Ability to infer another person’s thoughts and feelings.
Erotic plasticity—Extent to which one’s sex drive is influenced by social and cultural factors.
File-drawer problem—Difficulty encountered when compiling a review of scientific literature
because studies showing null results are unlikely to be published.
Gender intensification—Concern on the part of girls and boys with adherence to gender roles;
applies to adolescence.
Meta-analysis—Statistical tool that quantifies the results of a group of studies.
Meta-synthesis—Taking the average effect size across a series of meta-analyses.
Moderating variable—Variable that alters the relation between the independent variable and
the dependent variable.
Morality of responsibility (care orientation)—Moral reasoning that emphasizes connections to
others, responsibilities, and others’ feelings.
Morality of rights (justice orientation)—Moral reasoning that emphasizes separation from
others, rights, rules, and standards of justice.
Narrative review—Review of scientific literature in which the authors reach their own
conclusions about whether the majority of studies provide evidence for or against the topic of the
review (e.g., sex differences).
Social dilemma—A dilemma that pits self-interest against group interest; what is good for the
group is not the best course of action for the individual.
© 2017 Taylor & Francis
Utilitarianism—A morality that is based on the consequences of action or inaction.
© 2017 Taylor & Francis