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Astro Review -- Answers on last page
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____
1. Which scientist discovered that Venus has phases, just like the moon?
a. Ptolemy
c. Kepler
b. Copernicus
d. Galileo
____
2. The turning or spinning of a body on its axis is known as ____.
a. rotation
c. precession
b. revolution
d. apogee
____
3. Which of the following are you most likely to experience?
a. total solar eclipse
c. full moon
b. total lunar eclipse
d. partial lunar eclipse
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4. Which statement best explains why the moon has more craters than Earth?
a. Earth has never been struck by rapidly moving debris.
b. Weathering and erosion do not occur on the moon.
c. The moon is tectonically active.
d. The moon has a thicker atmosphere.
____
5. One of the planets known to have rings is ____.
a. Venus
c. Uranus
b. Mars
d. Mercury
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6. Which of the following is NOT a terrestrial planet?
a. Mercury
c. Mars
b. Earth
d. Jupiter
____
7. Which of the following is NOT considered part of the solar system?
a. terrestrial planets
c. galaxies
b. Jovian planets
d. sun
____
8. Why isn’t Pluto considered a planet?
a. Pluto has a moon, Charon, which is more
than half its size.
b. Pluto’s gravity is too weak to pull in
smaller debris, so it hasn’t cleared its
orbital path.
c. Pluto’s orbit around the sun is larger than
that of any of the eight planets.
d. Pluto is smaller than all of the eight
planets.
____
9. In Figure 24-1, what feature is labeled A?
a. corona
b. photosphere
c. chromosphere
d. prominence
____ 10. Which of the following is true about parallax?
a. It is used to measure distances to stars.
b. The parallax angles of distant stars are too small to measure.
c. The nearest stars have the smallest parallax angles.
d. both a and b
____ 11. Which magnitude would be associated with the brightest star?
a. 15
c. 5
b. 10
d. –5
Completion
Complete each statement.
12. In the ____________________ model, the sun is the center of the solar system.
13. One of the discoveries that led to the modern view of the solar system was that the ____________________
of the planets are ellipses.
14. The astronomical unit is the average distance between Earth and the ____________________.
15. ____________________ placed the sun at the center of the universe; however, he mistakenly used
____________________ to represent the shape of the planets’ orbits.
16. A very slow motion of Earth’s axis that requires 26,000 years to complete is called ____________________.
17. According to the giant-impact hypothesis, the origin of the moon can be traced to a collision between a body
the size of ____________________ and Earth.
18. A cloud of dust and gas in space is called a(n) ____________________.
19. With at least 28 moons, the planet ____________________ and its satellites resemble a miniature solar
system.
20. The most prominent feature of ____________________ is its system of rings.
21. ____________________ are small rocky bodies that have been likened to “flying mountains.”
22. The outermost portion of the solar atmosphere, the ____________________, is very weak and only visible
when the photosphere is covered.
23. During periods of high solar activity, huge cloudlike structures called ____________________ appear as
great arches that extend from the sun.
24. Nuclear fusion takes place in the sun’s ____________________.
25. Patterns of stars called ____________________ were originally named in honor of mythological characters or
great heroes.
26. A light-year is the distance ____________________ travels in a year.
27. A(n) ____________________ is a developing star not yet hot enough to engage in nuclear fusion.
28. The most dense stars known to exist are called ____________________.
29. The average star spends ____________________ percent of its life as a hydrogen-burning, main-sequence
star.
30. The Milky Way is classified as a(n) ____________________ galaxy.
31. The apparent change in wavelength of radiation caused by the relative motions of the source and the observer
is called the ____________________.
32. The ____________________, which occurred in an instant, marks the beginning of the universe.
Short Answer
33. Who was the first Greek to believe in the heliocentric universe?
34. Who formulated the law of universal gravitation?
35. Based on the second law of planetary motion, when would a planet travel fastest in its orbit?
36. According to the third law of planetary motion, a planet’s orbital speed is equal to what?
37. What is revolution?
38. What causes lunar phases?
39. Round depressions on the moon’s surface are called ____.
40. What type of eclipse is shown in Figure 22-2?
41. According to Figure 22-2, at which point would an observer see a total eclipse?
42. Why is it unlikely that life could exist on Venus?
43. Which planet is the smallest?
44. Where are most asteroids found?
45. What are comets?
46. What is the Oort cloud?
47. What happens to most meteoroids when they enter Earth’s atmosphere?
48. What is spectroscopy?
49. What process is responsible for the transfer of energy in the uppermost part of the sun’s interior?
50. The number of sunspots varies in a cycle that lasts how many years?
51. Describe the process of nuclear fusion in terms of hydrogen nuclei and helium nuclei.
52. Which property of a star can be determined by its color?
53. Which factors determine a star’s apparent magnitude?
54. Describe what is happening to the star shown in Figure 25-2.
55. What type of star is shown in Figure 25-2?
56. What happens to a low-mass star when it depletes its hydrogen fuel?
57. Why do massive stars age faster than stars that are less massive?
58. Why does a red giant have a reddish appearance?
59. What is a galaxy?
60. State Hubble’s law in your own words.
61. What will happen to the universe if its average density is less than its critical density?
62. Which planet’s axis of rotation lies nearly parallel with the plane of its orbit?
63. Jupiter’s Great Red Spot is believed to be a ____.
64. The relatively small, rocky bodies generally found orbiting between Mars and Jupiter are known as ____.
65. Which force is most responsible for the formation of a star?
66. Gamma rays, X-rays, visible light, and radio waves are all types of ____.
67. Which stars are composed of matter in which electrons have combined with protons?
68. A comet’s tail always points ____.
69. The measure of a star’s brightness is called its ____.
70. The sun can continue to exist in its present stable state for about another ____.
71. By observing sunspots, Galileo concluded that the sun ____.
72. Sunspots appear dark because they are ____.
73. The outermost layer of the sun is called the ____.
74. The remains of extraterrestrial particles that are found on Earth’s surface are called ____.
75. What information does a star’s spectrum offer about the star?
76. Which famous scientist first used a telescope for astronomical observations?
77. The small particles that produce a streak of light upon entering Earth’s atmosphere are called ____.
78. The fact that light can exert a pressure on matter suggests that it is made of particles called ____.
79. Which color has the most energetic photons?
80. Which type of spectrum is associated with the radiation of most stars?
Essay
81. Summarize the main contributions of Copernicus, Brahe, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton.
82. Explain the giant-impact hypothesis about the moon’s formation.
83. Describe the three types of spectra and the conditions under which they are produced.
84. Describe each step of the sun’s life cycle and predict how it will end.
85. According to the big bang theory, how did the universe begin? What had to happen before atoms could form?
Can you locate the Winter and Circumpolar constellations?
Astro Review
Answer Section
MULTIPLE CHOICE
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COMPLETION
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heliocentric
orbits
sun
Copernicus, circles
precession
Mars
nebula
Jupiter
Saturn
Asteroids
corona
prominences
core
constellations
light
protostar
black holes
90
spiral
barred spiral
Doppler effect
big bang
SHORT ANSWER
33. ANS: Aristarchus
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ANS: Sir Isaac Newton
ANS: when it is closest to the sun
ANS: its mean solar distance cubed
ANS: Revolution is the motion of a body, such as a planet or moon, along a path around some point in space.
ANS: Lunar phases are caused by the motion of the moon and the sunlight that is reflected from its surface.
ANS: craters
ANS: solar eclipse
ANS: Point C
ANS: Venus has extremely high surface temperatures.
ANS: Mercury
ANS: between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter
ANS: pieces of rocky and metallic materials held together by frozen gases
ANS: a spherical shell around the solar system formed by comets with long orbital periods
ANS: They burn up.
ANS: the study of the properties of light that depend on wavelength
ANS: convection
ANS: 11
ANS: During nuclear fusion, four hydrogen nuclei combine to form one helium nucleus.
ANS: temperature
ANS: size, temperature, and distance from Earth
ANS: The outward force of gas pressure is balanced by the inward force of gravity.
ANS: a stable main-sequence star
ANS: It collapses into a white dwarf.
ANS: Massive stars radiate energy at such enormous rates that they deplete their hydrogen fuel relatively
quickly.
ANS: As the star expands, its surface cools and appears reddish.
ANS: a group of stars, dust, and gases held together by gravity
ANS: Hubble’s law states that galaxies are retreating from Earth at a speed that is proportional to their
distance.
ANS: It will expand forever.
ANS: Uranus
ANS: cyclonic storm
ANS: asteroids
ANS: gravity
ANS: electromagnetic radiation
ANS: neutron stars
ANS: away from the sun
ANS: magnitude
ANS: 5.5 billion years
ANS: rotated on its axis
ANS: relatively cool
ANS: corona
ANS: meteorites
ANS: chemical composition
ANS: Galileo
ANS: meteors
78. ANS: photons
79. ANS: violet
80. ANS: absorption spectrum
ESSAY
81. ANS:
Copernicus concluded that Earth was a planet and that the sun was the center of the solar system. Over the
course of 20 years, Brahe made careful observations of the planets, especially Mars. Kepler used Brahe’s
observations to formulate the three laws of planetary motion. When working on the laws, Kepler discovered
that planets have elliptical orbits. Using a telescope, Galileo discovered four large moons of Jupiter, the
phases of Venus, sunspots, and craters on the moon. Newton was the first to formulate and test the law of
universal gravitation.
82. ANS:
According to the giant-impact hypothesis, when the solar system was forming, a body the size of Mars
impacted Earth. The impact liquefied Earth’s surface and ejected huge quantities of the crust and mantle into
space. Some of this material began orbiting Earth and eventually coalesced to form the moon.
83. ANS:
The three types of spectra are a continuous spectrum, an absorption spectrum, and an emission spectrum. A
continuous spectrum is produced by an incandescent solid, liquid, or gas under high pressure. It consists of an
uninterrupted band of color. An absorption spectrum is produced when visible light is passed through a
relatively cool gas under low pressure. It appear continuous, but with a series of dark lines running through it.
An emission spectrum is produced by hot gas under pressure. It consists of a series of bright lines of particular
wavelengths.
84. ANS:
The first step in the sun’s formation began when a nebula started to contract. As it contracted, its temperature
rose and it became a protostar. When the core of the protostar reached about 10 million K, nuclear fusion
began and the sun became a star. When the forces of pressure and gravity became balanced, the sun became a
main-sequence star. It will remain a main-sequence star until it depletes the store of hydrogen fuel in its core.
Then, it will become a red giant and consume hydrogen in its outer shell and helium in its core. When all
nuclear fuel is consumed, the sun will cast off its outer layer, creating a planetary nebula. It will then collapse
into a dense white dwarf and finally, a cold, small black dwarf.
85. ANS:
The big bang theory states that at one time, the entire universe was confined to a dense, hot supermassive ball.
Then, about 13.7 billion years ago, a violent explosion occurred, hurling this material in all directions. The
big bang marks the beginning of the universe. All matter and space were created at that instant. However, the
universe had to cool down before atoms could form, which occurred after several hundred thousand years.
The atoms eventually formed stars and galaxies.