Download Illnesses of the Female Reproductive System

HS 20 - Weir
The Reproductive System
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a system of sex organs within an organism which work together for the purpose of
_______________________________
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Enables species to reproduce
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Consists of both _______________ and _______________ organs
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There are separate reproductive systems for males and females
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______________ = general term referring to sex glands
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Male gonad = _______________
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Female gonad = _________________
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Gamete = ____________________
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Male gamete = __________
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Female gamete = ________ (ovum)
The Male Reproductive System:
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Testes  produce sperm
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Scrotum – _______________________________________________________________
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The scrotum is a few degrees colder than the abdominal cavity
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This cooler temperature is important since sperm cannot develop at room temperature.
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_____________________  the tube that carries the sperm from the testes to the urethra
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Remember in the male the urethra excretes both _____________ and ________________
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The urethra conducts either semen or urine but never both at the same time.
HS 20 - Weir
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___________  a secretion composed of sperm & fluids
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The fluid portion is a mixture of fluid from 3 glands along the vas deferens and the
urethra:
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__________________________
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__________________________
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__________________________
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All 3 of these glands assist in the formation of semen and the safe transportation of sperm
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Each teste is filled with twisting tubules called seminiferous tubules.
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These tubules are lined with ________________________ = sperm producing cells
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These spermatgonia divide into ___________________
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Spermatocytes have ____ chromosomes
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Note: human sex cells of both males and females carry 23 chromosomes – when they
undergo fertilization the total number is _____
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The spermatocytes eventually develop into ___________.
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At body temperature sperm cells only live ___________ hours
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When stored at -100ₒC sperm can live for many years
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When a male releases semen it contains approximately _______ million sperm cells
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The production of sperm and male sex hormones is controlled by the hypothalamus and
the pituitary gland in the brain.
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Testosterone  stimulates spermatogonia to mature into sperm cells, affects
characteristics during puberty and is associated with sex drive
HS 20 - Weir
The Female Reproductive System:
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_______________  produce eggs
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Females follow a complicated sexual cycle in which only one egg matures every __ days
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Eventually a female reaches a point when she is no longer able to reproduce – this is
__________________
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__________________________ (oviduct) – located next to each ovary
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Mature egg will enter the fallopian tube
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_____________________ occurs in the fallopian tube (when egg is penetrated by sperm)
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However if the egg is not fertilized it will deteriorate and die within 48 hours
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The fallopian tubes join a hollow, pear shaped organ called the ______________.
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It takes 3 – 5 days for a fertilized egg to travel from the fallopian tubes to the uterus.
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The uterus is where the embryo and fetus develop (also referred to as the __________)
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The inner lining of the uterus is called the _____________________ – it provides
nourishment for the developing embryo
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If pregnancy does not occur the endometrium is ______ – this process is called
menstruation
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The uterus leads to the vagina which is what connects the uterus to the outer
environment.
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A muscular band called the ____________ separates the vagina and the uterus and is
designed to hold the fetus in place.
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Note: dilation of the cervix during child birth is what allows the fetus to enter the
_________________________
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While males produce billions of sperm on a daily basis
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A female will only produce about _______ eggs that will actually mature in her entire life
time!
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The reproductive age of a female is from about 12 – 50 years old
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___________________  process of the egg being released from the ovary
HS 20 - Weir
The Menstrual Cycle:
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Repeated throughout a female’s reproductive lifetime, takes an average of 28 days
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There are 4 phases of the menstrual cycle
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Phase 1 = _______________________  the shedding of the endometrium (approx.
5 days)
Phase 2 = ________________________  the development of follicles within the
ovary, and estrogen is secreted (between day 6 -13)
Phase 3 = ___________________________  The egg is released from the ovary
Phase 4 = ___________________________  formation of the corpus luteum;
hormone secreting structure – secretes estrogen and progesterone (between days 15 –
28)
 This phase prepares the uterus to receive a fertilized _______
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If the egg does not become fertilized , estrogen and progesterone will be _____________
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This causes only _________ uterine contractions (hence pain during your period)
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These weak contractions cause the ______________________ to pull away from the
uterine wall and is shed from the body
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This marks the beginning of the next flow phase.
The Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System:
HS 20 - Weir
Fertilization:
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Although billions of sperm enter the cervix – only a few hundred reach the fallopian
tubes – and only __________________ sperm cell actually fuses with the egg (ovum).
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Fertilization occurs in the ________________________
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____________  a fertilized egg
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A zygote undergoes many divisions as it travels from the fallopian tube to the uterus
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By the time it reaches the uterus (about 6 days) it has been transformed into a mass of
cells called a ____________________
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Once the blastocyst is in the uterus it attaches to the wall of the endometrium – this is
called ________________________
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For pregnancy to continue menstruation cannot occur or the endometrium would be shed.
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Cells of the embryo and the endometrium form the ______________ – this is how
materials are exchanged between the mother and the embryo
Birth:
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Approximately 266 days after implantation uterine contractions signal the beginning of
___________.
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The cervix _________ and begins to __________.
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As the cervix dilates, uterine contractions move the baby along the birth canal.
2 hormones are important during birth:
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_________________ – causes ligaments within the pelvis to loosen
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_________________ – causes uterus to contract
Illnesses within the Male Reproductive System:
a) _____________________________
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Most common cancer in Canadian men
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usual treatments for prostate cancer are surgery, radiation therapy, watchful waiting, and
hormonal treatment
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Can also have penile or testicular cancer
HS 20 - Weir
b) Erectile Dysfunction
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is a common condition that affects about 1 in 10 males on a long-term basis
can be linked to vascular disease, ______________________ disorders such as Multiple
Sclerosis, trauma and psychological episodes
Illnesses of the Female Reproductive System:
a) Cancer
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In females, cancer can attack the _____________, ______________, ______________
and _____________, among other organs
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Ovarian cancer tends to have a poorer outcome than other gynecological cancers - there is
no standard screening available for ovarian cancer, so it is very difficult to identify it
early
b) Vaginal Yeast Infection
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Caused by a yeast fungus in the vagina
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Very _____________ and easy to treat
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Causes itchiness and soreness, burning sensation during urination
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Can be caused by some _________________
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Can be treated with an anti-fungal cream or medication
c) ____________________
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Condition where the endometrium ends up __________________ of uterus
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Endometrial tissue becomes trapped as it is not shed properly, causing pain
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__________________ issues may develop as a result