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Compass Navigation Terminology COMPASS ROSE Cardinal Directions – the most common directions used for navigation: North, east, south, and West Ordinal Directions – intermediate points between the cardinal directions Bearing – is the number of degrees in an angle measured clockwise from a fixed northern gridline Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) – a grid system developed to indicate locations on the earth using east and north values (referred to as UTM coordinates). True North –the direction from a given location to the geographic North Pole. Magnetic North – an area in the earth’s magnetic field that varies over time, which the red compass needle points to. Grid North (or Map North) – north identified on a map represented by the grid lines. Declination – the angle between Magnetic North and True North Topographic map - a type of map that shows detailed features of a large area, including elevation. Map scale – ratio of a distance on a map to a distance in the real world; topographic maps are common 1:50,000, which means that 1 centimetre on a map equals 50,000 centimetres in the real world. Northing – the northward distance measured on a topographic map Easting – the eastward distance measured on a topographic map Contour Lines – lines on a map that show elevation above or below sea level; each line connects areas of the same elevation Legend – A chart on a map that identifies the meaning of symbols